Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards
What is an enzyme?
Enzymes are biological catalysts which help speed up reactions
What are the two things enzymes are made of?
A substrate and an active site
What is the function of the active site?
To join a substrate
What is a catalyst?
A substance used to speed up a reaction without being used up
What are enzymes made up of?
Protein - long folded chains of amino acids
What happens if you raise the temperature of an enzyme reaction?
At first, the reaction should get quicker until the optimum temperature is reached and after that, the enzyme will become denatured as the active site changes shape
What happens if you raise the pH of an enzyme reaction?
The reaction gets quicker until an optimum pH is reached where it then becomes denatured because the bonds of the active site are broken and the shape is changed
Describe how to investigate the effect of pH on enzymes (practical)
1 - Put a drop of iodine in a spotting tile
2 - Heat up a beaker of water to 35 degrees
3 - place a test tube with 1cm of amylase and 1cm of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 in it into the beaker
4 - use a different syringe to add starch to the boiling tube
5 - mix the contents and wait 30seconds
6 - use a pipette to add the solution to the iodine every 30 seconds and wait until it doesn’t change in colour which means all the starch is broken down
7 - Repeat the experiment with differ buffer solutions of different pH’s and record your answers
8 - remember to keep your control variables the same
What is the rate of reaction calculation?
1000/time
Name the 3 digestive enzymes and what they break down into what
Amylase - carbohydrates into sugars
protease - protein into amino acids
lipase - glycerol and fatty acids
Where are the digestive enzymes produced?
amylase - pancreas, salivary glands, small intestine
protease - pancreas, stomach, small intestine
lipase - pancreas, small intestine
What does bile do?
It emulsifies fat into tiny droplets to give lipase a larger surface area to work on and it neutralises the hydrochloric acid in your stomach to make the conditions alkaline.
Where is bile produced and stored?
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
How do you test for sugars?
Benedict’s solution goes from blue to green/yellow or brick red if sugar is present
How do you test for starch?
Iodine solution goes from orangey brown to blue/ blue-black is starch is present
