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AQA GCSE Biology 2018 > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

• A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function eg ovum

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

• A group of two or more tissues that work together to carry out a particular function eg kidney

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

• A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function eg digestive

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4
Q

Under what conditions does an enzyme denature?

A
  • When the temperature is too high

* When the pH is too high or too low

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5
Q

Rate of reaction formula?

A

1000 / time

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6
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates and where is it produced in the body?

A
  • Carbohydrase converts carbohydrates into amino simple sugars
  • Produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine
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7
Q

What enzyme breaks down proteins and where is it produced in the body?

A
  • Protease converts protein into amino acids

* Produced in the stomach, pancreas and the small intestine

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8
Q

What enzyme breaks down lipids and where is it produced in the body?

A
  • Lipase converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

* Produced in the pancreas and the small intestine

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9
Q

What is the role of bile and where is it produced?

A
  • Bile is produced in the liver
  • Neutralises stomach acid before it goes into small intestine
  • Emulsifies fats
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10
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle?

A

• Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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11
Q

What is the role of the vena cava?

A

• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

• An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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14
Q

What is the aorta?

A

• An artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

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15
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle?

A

• Pumps oxygenated blood around the body

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16
Q

What is an artery?

A
  • Carries high pressure, oxygenated blood away from the heart
  • Thick walls and small lumen
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17
Q

What is a vein?

A
  • Carries low pressure, deoxygenated blood towards the heart

* Thinner walls and bigger luemn

18
Q

What is a capillary?

A
  • Tiny blood vessels that allow substances to diffuse from blood into cells
  • Has a partially permeable membrane that is just one cell thick
19
Q

What is a coronary artery?

A

• An artery that branches off the aorta and surrounds the heart so everything can get oxygenated blood

20
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A
  • To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the cells
  • Adapted to carry as much oxygen as possible by having no nucleus for space and being a bioconcave shape
  • Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that bonds with oxygen in a reversible reaction to from oxyhaemoglobin
21
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A
  • Phagocytes - consumes unwanted microorganisms

* Lymphocyte - produces antibodies to fight microorganisms

22
Q

What is the role of plasma in blood?

A

• A straw coloured liquid that contains everything your cells need, use or produce including RBC, WBC, platelets, glucose, amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antioxins

23
Q

What is the role of platelets in blood?

A

• Small fragments of broken cells that help to clot blood

24
Q

What is a stent?

A

• Tubes inserted into the arteries to hold them open and allow blood to flow through be squashing down any fatty deposits

25
Q

What are statins?

A

• They reduce cholesterol by slowing down rate of fatty deposits forming

26
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A
  • Reduce risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks
  • Increases amount of good cholesterol
  • There is evidence to suggest statins prevent other diseases too
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • Long term and must be taken regularly
  • Negative side effects such as headaches, kidney problems and memory loss
  • Effect isn’t instant
28
Q

What are the four main parts leading into the lungs?

A

• Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

29
Q

What is the food test for sugar?

A
  • Benedict’s test

* Changes from blue to brick red

30
Q

What is the food test for scratch?

A
  • Iodine solution

* Changes from orange to blue or black

31
Q

What is the food test for protein?

A
  • Biuret test

* Changes from blue to purple

32
Q

What is the food test for lipids?

A
  • Sudan III test

* Changes from clear to red top layer

33
Q

What are the four layers of tissue layers in a plant?

A
  • Upper epidermis
  • Palisade layer
  • Spongy meosophyll
  • Lower epidermis
34
Q

What is the role of a phloem and how is it adapted?

A
  • Transport dissolved sugars
  • Transportation in both directions
  • Cells are living
  • Elongated cells with small pores at the end to allow cell sap to move through
  • This process is called TRANSLOCATION
35
Q

What is the role of an xylem and how is it adapted?

A
  • Transports water
  • Transports in one directions
  • Cells are dead
  • Elongated cells joined end to end with no walls between them
  • Strengthened using lignin
36
Q

What is a meristem?

A
  • Where the plants grow
  • Often has discolouration
  • Plant stem cells are found here
37
Q

What four things speed up the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Greater light intensity
  • Higher temperature
  • Better air flow
  • Drier air (humidity)
38
Q

What are the four main risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Smoking
  • Diet
  • Environment
  • Genetics
39
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A
  • Not cancerous

* Grows until it runs out of space and can’t spread

40
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A
  • Cancerous

* Spreads easily

41
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A
  • Water and minerals enter through routes by osmosis and diffusion
  • Water moves up plant as water is evaporated

AQA GCSE Biology 2018 (3 decks)

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