Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards
What is a tissue?
• A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function eg ovum
What is an organ?
• A group of two or more tissues that work together to carry out a particular function eg kidney
What is an organ system?
• A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function eg digestive
Under what conditions does an enzyme denature?
- When the temperature is too high
* When the pH is too high or too low
Rate of reaction formula?
1000 / time
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates and where is it produced in the body?
- Carbohydrase converts carbohydrates into amino simple sugars
- Produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine
What enzyme breaks down proteins and where is it produced in the body?
- Protease converts protein into amino acids
* Produced in the stomach, pancreas and the small intestine
What enzyme breaks down lipids and where is it produced in the body?
- Lipase converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
* Produced in the pancreas and the small intestine
What is the role of bile and where is it produced?
- Bile is produced in the liver
- Neutralises stomach acid before it goes into small intestine
- Emulsifies fats
What is the role of the right ventricle?
• Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the role of the vena cava?
• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
What is the pulmonary artery?
• An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
What is the pulmonary vein?
• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
What is the aorta?
• An artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
What is the role of the left ventricle?
• Pumps oxygenated blood around the body
What is an artery?
- Carries high pressure, oxygenated blood away from the heart
- Thick walls and small lumen
What is a vein?
- Carries low pressure, deoxygenated blood towards the heart
* Thinner walls and bigger luemn
What is a capillary?
- Tiny blood vessels that allow substances to diffuse from blood into cells
- Has a partially permeable membrane that is just one cell thick
What is a coronary artery?
• An artery that branches off the aorta and surrounds the heart so everything can get oxygenated blood
What is the role of red blood cells?
- To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the cells
- Adapted to carry as much oxygen as possible by having no nucleus for space and being a bioconcave shape
- Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that bonds with oxygen in a reversible reaction to from oxyhaemoglobin
What is the role of white blood cells?
- Phagocytes - consumes unwanted microorganisms
* Lymphocyte - produces antibodies to fight microorganisms
What is the role of plasma in blood?
• A straw coloured liquid that contains everything your cells need, use or produce including RBC, WBC, platelets, glucose, amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antioxins
What is the role of platelets in blood?
• Small fragments of broken cells that help to clot blood
What is a stent?
• Tubes inserted into the arteries to hold them open and allow blood to flow through be squashing down any fatty deposits
What are statins?
• They reduce cholesterol by slowing down rate of fatty deposits forming
What are the advantages of statins?
- Reduce risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks
- Increases amount of good cholesterol
- There is evidence to suggest statins prevent other diseases too
What are the disadvantages of statins?
- Long term and must be taken regularly
- Negative side effects such as headaches, kidney problems and memory loss
- Effect isn’t instant
What are the four main parts leading into the lungs?
• Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What is the food test for sugar?
- Benedict’s test
* Changes from blue to brick red
What is the food test for scratch?
- Iodine solution
* Changes from orange to blue or black
What is the food test for protein?
- Biuret test
* Changes from blue to purple
What is the food test for lipids?
- Sudan III test
* Changes from clear to red top layer
What are the four layers of tissue layers in a plant?
- Upper epidermis
- Palisade layer
- Spongy meosophyll
- Lower epidermis
What is the role of a phloem and how is it adapted?
- Transport dissolved sugars
- Transportation in both directions
- Cells are living
- Elongated cells with small pores at the end to allow cell sap to move through
- This process is called TRANSLOCATION
What is the role of an xylem and how is it adapted?
- Transports water
- Transports in one directions
- Cells are dead
- Elongated cells joined end to end with no walls between them
- Strengthened using lignin
What is a meristem?
- Where the plants grow
- Often has discolouration
- Plant stem cells are found here
What four things speed up the rate of transpiration?
- Greater light intensity
- Higher temperature
- Better air flow
- Drier air (humidity)
What are the four main risk factors for non-communicable diseases?
- Smoking
- Diet
- Environment
- Genetics
What is a benign tumour?
- Not cancerous
* Grows until it runs out of space and can’t spread
What is a malignant tumour?
- Cancerous
* Spreads easily
What is the transpiration stream?
- Water and minerals enter through routes by osmosis and diffusion
- Water moves up plant as water is evaporated
