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AQA GCSE Biology 2018 > Topic 1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Animal and Plant cells

* More complex and usually has a nucleus

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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotic Cell?

A
  • Bacteria cells

* Small, simple, plasmids instead of nucleus

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3
Q

What three things do plant cell have the animal cells don’t?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
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4
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

• Where aerobic reactions take place to produce energy for the cells

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5
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

• Where the cell proteins are made

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6
Q

What are the two types of microscope?

A
  • Light Microscope - used to see larger substances eg cells or nuclei
  • Electron Microscope - Used to see smaller substances eg mitochondria or chloroplasts
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7
Q

Formula for magnification?

A

• Image size / Real size

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8
Q

What is differentiation?

A

• The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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9
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised for its function? (four ways)

A
  • Its function is reproduction
  • Long tail for swimming
  • Streamline head
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
  • Enzymes in head to digest ovum membrane
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10
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised for its function? (two ways)

A
  • Its function is rapid signalling
  • Long to cover lots of distance
  • Branched connection at ends to connect to other stem cells
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11
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised for its function? (two ways)

A
  • Its function is contraction
  • Long so they have space to contract
  • Lots of mitochondria for energy
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12
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised for its function? (one way)

A
  • Its function is absorbing water and minerals

* Gives the plant a large surface area so it can absorb faster

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13
Q

What is a chromosome?

A
  • A coiled up length of DNA molecules

* 23 pairs in every nucleus

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A
  1. Growth and DNA replication
    • Before it divides, it has to grow, increase number of sub cellular structures and duplicate DNA
  2. Mitosis
    • Chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart to two identical form of initial cell
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15
Q

What is binary fission?

A
  • The replication of prokaryotic cells
  • This works by the plasmids replicating themselves, the cell getting bigger and the DNA moving to opposite poles of the cell causing the cytoplasm to divide and produce two identical daughter cells.
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16
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell?

A
  • An undifferentiated cell which is found in early human embryos
  • You can turn them into any type of cell
17
Q

What is an adult stem cell?

A
  • An undifferentiated cell found in the human body eg bone marrow
  • They can only be changed into a few type of cells eg blood cells
18
Q

Pros of stem cells

A
  • Can be made into any type of cells

* Can be used to treat and cure disease

19
Q

Cons of stem cells?

A
  • Ethical issues as embryo is potential life

* Very strict guidelines in UK, some countries even ban them

20
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants and how can they be used?

A
  • They are found in the meristem (where the plants grow)

* They can be used to produce clones quickly and cheaply

21
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • The spreading of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
  • For example Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood in lungs
22
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • The movement of water molecules over a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to lower concentration
  • For example maintaining water levels in cells
23
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • When a substances moves from against the concentration gradient
  • Requires energy
  • For example absorption of minerals in the gut
24
Q

How do alveoli allow gas exchange in the lungs? (four ways)

A
  • Large surface area
  • Moist lining to dissolve gases
  • Very thin walls
  • Good blood supply
25
Q

What are villi and how do they work?

A
  • Tiny projections found in the small intestine
  • Increase surface area to decrease digestion time
  • Single layer of cells on surface
  • Good blood supply
26
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

• A membrane with tiny holes in to allow small molecules to pass through it

27
Q

What do all exchange surfaces need to be successful?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Small diffusion pathway/membrane
  • Large concentration gradient
28
Q

Give four examples of exchange surfaces

A
  • Alveoli - gas exchange
  • Villi - digestion
  • Gills on fish - gas exchange
  • Leaves - gas exchange

AQA GCSE Biology 2018 (3 decks)

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