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Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Give three examples of tissues and their function

A
  1. Muscular tissue - contracts to create movement
  2. Glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones
  3. Epithelial tissue - cover some parts of the body .e.g. the inside of the gut
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2
Q

What is a tissue and what does it do?

A

Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function .e.g. contraction

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3
Q

What is an organ and what does it do?

A

A group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function .e.g. stomach

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function .e.g. cardiovascular system

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5
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process through which cells become specialised

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6
Q

When does differentiation generally occur?

A

The development of a multicellular organism

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7
Q

What does the Benedict’s test look for and what is the method?

A

Test for reducing sugars:

  1. Place Benedict’s solution and food ample in a test tube and place in a water bath
  2. If the solution goes green, yellow or red brick there is reducing sugars present
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8
Q

What does the Iodine solution look for and what is the method?

A

Test for starch:

  1. Place food sample in test tube and drop iodine over it
  2. If it remains browny-orange it is negative if it turns blue/black it is positive
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9
Q

What does the biuret test look for and what is the method?

A

Test for protein:

  1. Place sample in test tube with biuret solution
  2. If it turns purple there is protein present
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10
Q

What does the Sudan III test look for and what is the method?

A

Test for lipids:

  1. Place Sudan III stain solution in test tube with food sample
  2. If it separates into two layers then lipids are present (the top layer should be red)
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11
Q

What type of circulatory system do we have and why?

A

We have a double circulatory system because one deals with oxygenated blood and the other deoxygenated

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12
Q

What does the deoxygenated system do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs from the right ventricle and returns it to the heart

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13
Q

What does the oxygenated system do?

A

Pumps blood from the heart around the body and returns it deoxygenated

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14
Q

What main tissue make up the heart?

A

Muscle tissue to aid contraction

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15
Q

How does the circulatory system stop blood from flowing the wrong way?

A

Valves

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16
Q

What is the wall separating the right atrium and ventricle from the left atrium and ventricle?

A

The septum

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17
Q

What is the path of blood through the heart?

A

Vena Cava –> Right Atrium –> Right Ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> Left Atrium –> Left Ventricle –> Aorta –> Body –> Vena Cava

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18
Q

How does the heart get oxygen?

A

Small arteries (called coronary arteries) branch off of the aorta and surround the heart to supply it with blood

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19
Q

Where is the pacemaker in the heart and how does it work?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium wall act as a pacemaker and control the heart rate through small electric impulses

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20
Q

What are the features of arteries?

A
  1. Carry blood away
  2. Elastic fibres allow quick expansion before returning to their original size
  3. The wall is large compared to the lumen to handle the pressure
  4. Thick layers of muscle make them very strong
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21
Q

What is the function of a capillary?

A

Exchanging substances in tissues

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22
Q

What are the features of capillaries?

A
  1. Branch off from arteries
  2. Carry blood closest to cells
  3. They have permeable walls that allow diffusion
  4. 1 cell thick
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23
Q

What are the features of veins?

A
  1. Carry blood back to the heart
  2. Capillaries join to form veins
  3. They contain valves to ensure blood flow in correct direction
  4. They have a bigger lumen and a thinner wall
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24
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood/No. of minutes

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25
Q

What are red blood cells like?

A

They carry O2 around the body and have a concave shape in order to provide a bigger surface area, they have no nucleus to increase space and they contain a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to the O2

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26
Q

What are white blood cells like?

A

They are the body’s defence against disease, they don’t have a nucleus either and they will engulf foreign microorganisms and some of the produce antibodies or antitoxins

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27
Q

What do platelets do and how?

A

Platelets cause our blood to clot and they are small fragments of cells in blood that gather together around wounds

28
Q

What does plasma carry?

A

Glucose, amino acids, CO2, urea, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins

29
Q

Define cardiovascular disease

A

A term used to describe disease of the heart of blood vessels

30
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

This is caused by fat build up in the coronary arteries which results in restricted blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart often causing a heart attack

31
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are inserted into arteries in order to make the lumen wider when fat builds up

32
Q

Why are stents good?

A

The surgery is quick and you can recover easily and they massively reduce the risk of a heart attack

33
Q

What is the risk to stents?

A

A blood clot can develop near the stent which is called thrombosis

34
Q

What are statins?

A

They are a second treatment for coronary heart disease - it is medicine which reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood

35
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

They reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke and they may help prevent other disease but they can lead to side effects and take time to kick in

36
Q

Where is the salivary gland and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

It is in the mouth and produces the enzyme amylase in the saliva

37
Q

Where is the gullet and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

It is another name for the oesophagus

38
Q

Where is the liver and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

39
Q

Where is the stomach and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

Produces HCl to kill pathogens and is the right pH for protease (pepsin) and it has muscular walls which contract to churn food

40
Q

Where is the gall bladder and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

This is where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine

41
Q

Where is the pancreas and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

Produces all there types of enzymes which are then released into the small intestine (protease, amylase, lipase)

42
Q

Where is the large intestine and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs excess water from food into the body

43
Q

Where is the small intestine and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

The working place of all three enzymes to complete digestion and absorbs food into the bloodstream

44
Q

Where is the rectum and what role does it play in the digestive system?

A

Faeces stored before exiting the body

45
Q

Define active site

A

The area of the enzyme which acts on the substrate, it has a fixed shape but will change a little bit to fit the substrate perfectly (called ‘induced fit’)

46
Q

Define substrate

A

The substance acted upon by the enzyme

47
Q

Define denatured

A

The active site of an enzyme not longer fits the substrate

48
Q

What is the effect of pH on an enzyme?

A

If the pH is too high or too low the enzyme will denature and it has an optimum pH that it works best at

49
Q

What is the effect of temperature on an enzyme?

A

If the temperature is too high the enzyme will denature where as if it is too low it will work but very, very slowly

50
Q

Why do we use enzymes instead of increasing body temperature as a catalyst?

A

Raising the temperature would also increase the speed of unwanted reaction whereas enzymes work in specific reactions very quickly

51
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism?

A

The active site of the enzyme fits the substrate perfectly

52
Q

Amylase

A

Substrate: Carbs
Production: Pancreas and Salivary Glands
Location: Mouth and Small Intestine
Product: Glucose

53
Q

Protease

A

Substrate: Protein
Production: Pancreas
Location: Stomach and Small Intestine
Product: Amino Acids

54
Q

Lipase

A

Substrate: Lipids
Production: Pancreas
Location: Small Intestine
Product: Glycerol and Fatty Acids

55
Q

Why is bile effective?

A

It emulsifies fat and increases the surface area to increase the rate of reaction and speed up digestion

56
Q

Define non-communicable and communicable disease

A

A non-communicable disease is one which cannot be transmitted .e.g. kidney failure whereas communicable diseases can be .e.g. the flu

57
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Something that increases your chance of getting a disease but does not guarantee it .e.g. smoking

58
Q

What is health?

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing

59
Q

What is disease interaction?

A

This is when two disease are working alongside one another and come into contact, this can be very bad for the patient because they amplify each others affects on the person .e.g. asthma and covid

60
Q

What are cancer risk factors?

A
  1. Radiation

2. Carcinogens .e.g ionising radiation

61
Q

Why shouldn’t you smoke or drink during pregnancy?

A

Reduces the amount of O2 the baby gets which can cause developmental problems

62
Q

What are the problems with alcohol?

A
  1. Damage to the nerve cells in the brain can cause loss of function
  2. Can damage liver cells
  3. Harmful chemicals released can also cause liver disease
63
Q

What are the problems with obesity?

A
  1. Resistance to insulin
64
Q

What are the problems with smoking?

A

Causes damage to the arteries and cells in the lining of the lungs

65
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of substances around the plant

66
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Transports water and minerals around the body in a process called transpiration, strengthened by lignin

67
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Transports food through columns of cells which have small pores that allow cell sap through, transport goes in both directions7

Biology (7 decks)

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