Topic 2 Nature Of Crimes Flashcards
In the Middle Ages what was a criminal defined as?
Someone who ‘disturbed the kings peace’
What type of offences did Norman laws highlight in the Middle Ages?
Against crown and church
What were 5 crimes in the Middle Ages?
Treason
Revolt
Heresy
Blasphemy
Sheltering criminals
What were 5 crimes particular to the Middle Ages?
Forest laws
Scolding
Treason
Outlaw gangs
Rebellions
What were the Forest Laws in the Middle Ages?
No hunting, cutting down trees in kings forest = his property
What was scolding in the Middle Ages?
Use of Offensive language in public
What was treason in the Middle Ages?
Defying authority, included king and husband (head of family)
What were outlaw gangs in the Middle Ages?
criminals on the run, ambushed travellers and robbed houses
What was heresy in the Middle Ages?
Spreading false Christian beliefs
What were 2 examples of rebellions against royal authority during the Middle Ages?
Peasants Revolt 1381
Cornish rebellion 1497
What were 3 crimes in the 16th century/early modern era?
Vagrancy
Heresy
Treason
What was there an increase in the number of during the 16th century?
Vagrants
What was the estimated number of vagabonds in Elizabethan England?
10,000
When did religious disputes become more important?
After Protestant reformation
What happened to those refusing to accept the split with the Catholic Church under Henry VIII?
Executed
How many Protestants did Mary I order the burning of?
Over 280
What law did Henry VIII issue after creating himself as head of the church?
Treason Law 1534
What 3 things did the Treason Law say made someone guilty of treason?
- Said/wrote things against king/his wife/heirs or displayed support for pope
- said beliefs of King went against church teachings or said king using power unjustly
- kept silent when questioned on rights/authority of king
How was the treason law extended during the reign of Elizabeth I?
Anyone who said she was not rightful queen = guilty of treason
What was an example of a serious act of treason in the early modern era?
Gunpowder plot 1605
What were 2 crimes in the 18th century?
Smuggling
Highway robbery
What was smuggling?
Smuggling goods illegally into country, selling officially on black market, made criminals lot of money, sell goods cheaper than in shops/markets
How many people did smuggling gangs employ?
50 - 100
What were the 5 specific roles in smuggling gangs?
Venturer (investor)
Spotsman (directed ships to shore)
Lander (arranged unloading smuggled cargo)
Tubsman (carried goods)
Batsman (protected tubsman)
What was the increase in smuggling caused by?
Increased custom duties and lack of policing coasts
Why did smuggling decline?
Gov reduced duties, made smuggling unprofitable
Who were footpads?
Robbers who attacked pedestrians on foot
What did mounted highwaymen do?
Hold up coaches and riders, often armed and worked in pairs
Who was an example of a highwayman that was glamorised by newspapers?
Dick Turpin
What were 3 reasons highway robbery declined as the end of the 18th century?
Busier roads
Horse patrol in London set up, guard main roads
Banknotes could be traced
What were 2 types of crime during the Industrial Revolution?
Urban crime- theft
Protest crime
What were rookeries?
Certain areas of growing towns/cities notorious for criminal activity
What was an example of a London rookery
St Giles
What was the nickname for someone who stole pocket watches from their chains?
Thimble-screwers
What was the nickname for someone who stole pins and brooches from women?
Prop-nailers
What was the nickname for someone who stole goods or luggage from carts and coaches?
Drag-sneaks
What caused the outbreak of protests, violence and criminal activity between 1790 and 1840?
Poor living and low wages, demands for political reform
When were the luddites?
1813
What did the Luddites do and protest over?
Attacks on factory machines in northern England, handloom weavers protest over new factory-based machine-woven cloth
When were the swing riots?
1830-31
What did the agricultural labourers in the swing riots do and protest over?
Set fire to hayricks and smashed machines, angry about poverty and farm machinery introduced
What were the Rebecca Riots?
Gangs of poor farmers disguised as women attacked toll gates in south west wales
What were the poor farmers in the Rebecca Riots angry about?
Increased rents, tithe payments and tolls
Why might have crime figures risen sharply since 1900?
Better reporting and recording of crime
What are 7 20th and 21st century crimes?
Car crime
Computer crime
Terrorism
Hate crime
Hooliganism
Drug related
Gun and knife
What were 3 laws introduced to regularise motorised transport due to the increase in the number of cars?
Speed limits
Breathalyser
Banning use mobile phones while driving
What are 6 cybercrimes?
Cyber bullying
Sexual crimes (child grooming)
Copyright infringement (illegally downloading)
Hacking
Phishing scams
Identity theft
What are 6 examples of methods used by terrorists to push their political demands?
Hijackings
Assassinations
Taking hostages
Bombings
Suicide attacks
Arson attacks
What is an example of an IRA bombing?
Arndale shopping centre in Manchester in 1996
What were the 7/7 attacks in 2005 London?
Series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on public transport network, linked to al-Qaeda
What are hooligans often members of?
Gangs
When did football hooliganism become a particular problem?
1970s and 80s
What was an example of football hooliganism in 1985?
Fighting between British and Italian fans caused wall to collapse in Heysel stadium Belgium, killed 38 people
What is drug trafficking?
Planes, boats, trucks, people (mules) used by gangs to smuggle illegal drugs into uk
How do drug gangs operate?
On own ‘turf’, use violence to protect patch from rival gangs
What is gun and knife crime often linked to?
Juvenile gangs in urban areas
