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IGCSE Physical Education @TBS > Topic 2 : Muscular System > Flashcards

Topic 2 : Muscular System Flashcards

1.1.6 Muscles 1.1.7 Antagonistic muscle action 1.1.8 Muscle fibre types

1
Q

What does the term ‘voluntary’ muscle mean?

A

A muscle that works on demand.

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2
Q

Can you name the 11 voluntary muscles in your body?

A

Deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals and gastrocnemius.

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3
Q

Can you describe the term ‘antagonistic pairs’?

A

Muscles work as pairs, while one muscle contracts the other relaxes.

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4
Q

Is the agonist (prime mover) the relaxing or the contracting muscle?

A

Contracting muscle

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5
Q

Is the antagonist the relaxing or the contracting muscle?

A

Relaxing muscle

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6
Q

Can you name the 2 antagonistic pairs?

A

Bicep and Tricep & Hamstring and Quadricep

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7
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the arm at the elbow?

A

Bicep

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8
Q

What movement occurs at the elbow when the tricep contracts?

A

Extension

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9
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the leg at the knee?

A

Hamstring

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10
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow extension of the leg at the hip?

A

Gluteals

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11
Q

What movement occurs at the ankle when the gastrocnemius contracts?

A

Plantar flexion of the ankle

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12
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow abduction of the upper arm at the shoulder?

A

Deltoids

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13
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow rotation of the scapula towards the spine?

A

Trapezius

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14
Q

What movement occurs at the shoulder when the latissimus dorsi contracts?

A

Adduction

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15
Q

Other than the latissimus dorsi which muscle contracts to allow adduction at the shoulder?

A

Pectorals

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16
Q

Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the trunk?

A

Abdominals

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17
Q

What are the 2 different types of muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic and Isometric Contraction

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18
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A contraction of a muscle that results in movement

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19
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A contraction of a muscle which increases tension but the length stays the same

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20
Q

What are the 3 short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A
  1. Increase in muscle temperature,
  2. Muscle fatigue
  3. Increase in Lactic acid production
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21
Q

What are the 4 long term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A
  1. Increased strength of muscles
  2. Increased size of muscles (hypertrophy)
  3. Increased myoglobin stores
  4. The tendons and ligament become stronger
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22
Q

How do the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system benefit the body when taking part in physical activity?

A
  1. You are more able to perform activities requiring strength, power and muscular endurance
  2. Improves immediate oxygen supply to the muscles
  3. Better support of joints
23
Q

Why is it important that the muscular system has time to rest?

A

To allow muscles to repair and grow after exercise

24
Q

What is it important to eat as part of your balanced diet to aid the muscular system?

A

Protein

25
Q

What performance enhancing drug builds and develops the strength of muscles?

A

Anabolic Steroids

26
Q

What is the name of the injury that is common to the muscular system?

A

Strain

27
Q

How should you treat a muscle strain?

A

RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and. Elevation)

28
Q

What does muscle ‘atrophy’ mean?

A

Loss of muscle mass and strength, this is often by stopping training

29
Q

What are all the bones on the front of the body?

A 
Deltoids 
biceps
Quadriceps 
Pectoralis major
External obliques 
Tibialis anterior 
Hip flexors
30
Q

What are all the bones in the back side of the body?

A 
Gluteals 
Hamstrings 
Gastrocnemius 
Latissimus Dorsi
Triceps
31
Q

What do fast twitch fibres do?

A

Works fast but tire quickly

32
Q

What do slow twitch fibres do?

A

Work slow but tire slowly

33
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A 
Biceps & Triceps
Hamstrings & Quadriceps
Gluteus maximus & Hip flexors
Gastrocnemius & Tibialis anterior
Pectoralis major & Latissimus dorsi
34
Q

Synergists

A

These muscles perform, or assist in performing, the same set of joint motion as the agonists. Synergists are sometimes referred to as neutralizers because they help cancel out, or neutralize, extra motion from the agonists to make sure that the force generated works within the desired plane of motion.

35
Q

Deltoid (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Abduction of the shoulder (moving the arm outwards and away from the body)
Sporting Example:
Outward arm action in a jumping jack

36
Q

Pectoralis major (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm towards the body); Shoulder horizontal flexion (moving the arms forwards in front of the body)
Sporting Example:
Upwards phase of a press up

37
Q

Triceps (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Extend the elbow (straightening the arm)
Sporting Example:
Shooting in netball

38
Q

Biceps (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Flex the elbow (bending the arm)
Sporting Example:
Drawing a bow in archery

39
Q

External obliques (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Trunk rotation (turning the body sideways)
Sports Example:
Turning the body to breathe to the side when performing front crawl in swimming

40
Q

Latissimus dorsi (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Shoulder adduction (moving the arm towards the body); Shoulder horizontal extension
Sporting Example:
Butterfly stroke in swimming

41
Q

Hip flexors (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Hip flexion (moving knee up towards the chest) Sporting Example:
Performing a rugby conversion kick

42
Q

Gluteus maximus (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Hip extension (moving the leg backwards)
Sporting Example:
Pulling back leg before kicking a ball

43
Q

Quadriceps (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Extend the knee (straightening the leg)
Sporting Example:
Kicking a ball

44
Q

Hamstrings (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Flex the knee (bending the leg)
Sporting Example:
Performing a hamstring curl on a weights machine

45
Q

Gastrocnemius (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the toes downwards) Sporting Example:
Standing on tiptoe to mark a goal shoot in netball

46
Q

Tibialis anterior (Function and Sporting Example)

A

Function:
Dorsiflexion of the ankle (bringing the toes up towards the shin)
Sporting Example:
Foot making contact with a football

47
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist muscles in shoulder flexion, movement produced with sporting example?

A

Agonist is deltoid, antagonist is the latissimus dorsi.
Adduction; abduction
Golf swing; breaststroke arms

48
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist muscles in knee flexion, movement produced with sporting example?

A

Agonist: Hamstrings; Antagonist: Quadriceps
Flexion; extension
Jumping to block in volleyball; tuck jump in trampolining

49
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist muscles in elbow flexion, movement produced with sporting example?

A

Agonist: Biceps; Antagonist: triceps
Flexion; extension
Chest pass in netball; badminton smash

50
Q

What are the agonist and antagonist muscles in hip flexion, movement produced with sporting example?

A

Agonist: Gluteus medius; Antagonist: Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius
Flexion; extension
Football kick

51
Q

Characteristics of muscle fibre (Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB) Speed of contraction

A

Type I: Slow
Type IIA: Fast
Type IIB: Very Fast

52
Q

Characteristics of muscle fibre (Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB) Force produced

A

Type I: Low
Type IIA: Medium
Type IIB: High

53
Q

Characteristics of muscle fibre (Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB) Resistance to fatigue

A

Type I: High
Type IIA: Medium
Type IIB: Low

54
Q

Characteristics of muscle fibre (Type I, Type IIA, Type IIB) Colour

A

Type I: Red
Type IIA: Pink
Type IIB: White

IGCSE Physical Education @TBS (2 decks)

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