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IGCSE Physical Education @TBS > Topic 1: Skeletal and Joints > Flashcards

Topic 1: Skeletal and Joints Flashcards

1.1.1 Functions of the skeleton 1.1.2 Skeleton 1.1.3 Joint types 1.1.4 Joint structure and function 1.1.5 Movement at joints

1
Q

Identify the bones located in the upper body

A 
Head/Neck - Cranium and vertebrae
Shoulder - Scapula and humerus 
Chest - Ribs and sternum 
Elbow - Humerus, radius and ulna
Wrist - Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
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2
Q

Identify the bones located in the lower body

A

Hip - Pelvis and femur
Knee - Femur, tibia and patella
Ankle - Tibia, fibula and talus
Foot - Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

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3
Q

Identify the three functions of the skeleton

A

Three of:

  1. Support
  2. Protection of vital organs by flat bones
  3. Movement
  4. Structural shape and points for attachment
  5. Mineral storage
  6. Blood cell production
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4
Q

Identify the 6 structures of a synovial joint

A
  1. Synovial membrane
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Joint capsule
  4. Bursae
  5. Cartilage
  6. Ligaments
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5
Q

How do the structures of a synovial joint prevent injury?

A

Cartilage: They cover the ends of the bones providing a smooth, friction-free surface.

Capsule that is lined with the synovial membrane and Synovial fluid: Lubricates the joint and reduces friction and wear.

Ligaments: Join bone to bone and strengthen the joint to prevent unnecessary movements and dislocations.

Bursae: Fluid filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint.

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6
Q

Identify two types of freely movable joints

A
  1. Hinge joint

2. Ball and socket joint

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7
Q

Where on the body are hinge joints found?

A
  1. Elbow
  2. Knee
  3. Ankle
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8
Q

Where on the body are ball and socket joints found?

A
  1. Hip

2. Shoulder

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9
Q

What is the role of a ligaments?

A

Ligaments attach bone to bone and provide support at a joint.

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10
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone and allow movement around a joint.

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11
Q

What freely movable joints does flexion/extension occur?

A

Flexion/extension occurs at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee.

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12
Q

What freely movable joint does abduction/adduction occur?

A

Abduction/adduction occurs at the shoulder.

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13
Q

What freely movable joint does rotation occur?

A

Rotation occurs at the shoulder.

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14
Q

What freely moveable joint does plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occur?

A

Plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion occurs at the ankle.

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15
Q

What is extension?

A

The term given when the angle at the joint increases.

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16
Q

What is flexion?

A

The term given when the angle at the joint decreases.

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17
Q

What is abduction?

A

The movement of the limb away from the midline of the body.

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18
Q

What is adduction?

A

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.

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19
Q

What is the structure of the Skeleton?

A

The structure of the Skeleton is that it is made up of bones and muscles. It provides a framework for Movement.

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20
Q

What are articulating bones?

A

Articulating bones are bones that meet at a joint to allow movement to occur.

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21
Q

What are the Articulating bones at the Shoulder Joint?

A

The articulating bones at the shoulder joint are the scapula, clavicle and the humerus.

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22
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A synovial joint is the most common joint in the human body. They are located at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle.

23
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Ball and socket joints move away from the body and can also move towards the body. They can also rotate. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint.

24
Q

Name the two bones located at the head/neck.

A

Cranium and the scapula.

25
Q

Name the bone that sits in front of the knee joint.

A

The patella.

26
Q

State the location of the femur and the name of one of the bones that it forms a joint with.

A

The femur is located at the hip joint. It forms a joint with tibia.

27
Q

State how the structure of the skeletal system aids movement.

A
  • The bones provide a place for the muscles to attach to, so that when the muscles contract, they pull the bones to cause movement.
  • Bones also act as levers. Levers allow the body to increase the force it can generate or increase the speed of the movement. For example, a tennis player with longer levers will generate more force on a serve.
28
Q

Define the term joint.

A

A joint is the place where two bones meet.

29
Q

What is the classification of long bones

A

They are longer than they are wide

A long bone has a shaft plus two ends

30
Q

Why are long bones vital in sport

A

They usually acts as levers

Vital to generate movement, strength and speed

31
Q

What is the classification of short bones

A

Roughly that same size in length width and thickness

Carpels and tarsals

32
Q

Why are short bones vital in sport

A

The are associated with: weight bearing, shock absorption and spreading the load.
They play a key role in activities like jogging, tennis and dancing.
They absorb the shock of the landing

33
Q

What is the classification of flat bones

A

Protects organs or offer a good surface for muscles to attach to

34
Q

Why are flat bone vital in sport

A

Flat bones protect your vital organs especially in contact sport. They also provide the attachment of muscle to help movement for every type of physical exercise

35
Q

What is the classification of irregular bones

A

Odd in shape and perform a range of functions
Some have a special shape so they can protect something
They also have lots of attachments points

36
Q

Why are irregular bones vital in sport

A

Offer protection when playing sport

When playing football the top 2 vertebrae allow you to head the ball and turn your head

37
Q

How does our skeleton protect our vital organs in sport

A

The skull protects the brain, the spine protects the spinal cord, and the ribs protect the internal organs, including heart. They act as cages around important body parts. Sometimes there is extra protection

38
Q

What is the benefit of muscle attachment in sport

A

Bones provide a strong framework that the muscle can attach to. The muscles are attached by the tendons and the bones act as anchors that the muscles pull as they move

39
Q

Why are joints important in sport

A

Joints let the body make a variety of movements. Joints work as levers as small movement at the top of the leg makes a big movement ate the bottom allowing to kick a football. Without joints we could move so couldn’t play football

40
Q

Why is calcium and phosphorus important for sportsmen.

A

The bones act as a store for calcium and phosphorus, two mineral that are vital for development and maintaining strong and healthy bones that are not brittle so they don’t break putting us out of sport. phosphorus also helps to reduce muscle pain after a hard workout

41
Q

What is Cartilage

A

A firm, connective tissue.

42
Q

Ossification

A

The process of development from cartilage to bone.

43
Q

Plantar-Flexion

A

Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin.

44
Q

Dorsi-Flexion

A

Bending or flexing the toes upwards, towards the shin.

45
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving a part of the body in a circular motion.

46
Q

Fixed or Immovable joint / Fibrous joint

A

A joint that does not move because it is connected by dense connective tissue.
Immovable joints can be found in the skull and pelvis, where several bones have fused together to form a rigid structure.

47
Q

Slightly Moveable joint / Cartilaginous joint

A

A joint connected entirely by cartilage which allows more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.
The bones are separated by a cushion of cartilage. The joints between the vertebrae in the spine are cartilaginous joints.

48
Q

Synovial Joint / Freely movable joint

A

A highly moveable joint that is filled with synovial fluid.

49
Q

Structure and Function of Synovial Joints

A

Do you Know:
90% of the joints in the body are synovial joints. They are freely movable.
1. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid which is retained inside a pocket called the synovial membrane. This lubricates or ‘oils’ the joint.
2. All the moving parts are held together by ligaments. Ligaments hold the bones together and keep them in place.
3. The joint capsule is an outer sleeve that protects and holds the knee together.
4. The synovial membrane lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid – a liquid which lubricates the joint, allowing it to move freely.
5. Smooth coverings of cartilage at the ends of the bones stops them rubbing together and provide some shock absorption.
6. Bursae: A sac filled with fluid, floating inside the bone an which prevents friction between the tendon and the bone
These are highly mobile joints, like the shoulder and knee.

50
Q

Sporting Example: BALL and SOCKET JOINT

A

During the butterfly stroke, the ball and socket joint of the shoulder allows the swimmer’s arm to rotate.

51
Q

Sporting Example: PIVOT JOINT

A

You might head a football using the pivot joint in your neck, which allows your head to rotate.

52
Q

Sporting Example: HINGE JOINT

A

The hinge joint at the knee allows the leg to flex and extend, for example when a hurdler extends their trail leg at take-off and then flexes it as they clear the hurdle.

53
Q

Explain how the functions of the skeleton are applied to performance in physical activity

A

Support: The bones are solid and rigid. They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body - muscles and organs - in place.

Protection: Certain parts of the skeleton protect the body’s organs from external forces. e.g. the brain is inside the cranium (heading a football), the ribs protect the heart and lungs. These are specifically important during contact sports such as rugby and boxing.

Movement: The skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for the muscles to pull against.

Structural Shape and Points of attachment: It gives us our shape and height. The points of attachment provide anchorage points for the muscles to attache, so when they contract we move.

Mineral Storage: Minerals are stored and released in the body when needed. This allows the body to maintain a stable balance of key minerals.

Blood cell production: Inner marrow of long bones produce red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body to working muscles. This is specifically important for aerobic athletes, such as marathon runners, team game athletes

IGCSE Physical Education @TBS (2 decks)

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