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Physics Edexcel > Topic 2 - Motion and Forces > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Motion and Forces Flashcards

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1
Q

Scalar quantity

A

Physical quantities with magnitude only

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2
Q

Vector quantity

A

Physical quantities with magnitude and direction

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3
Q

Scalar examples

A

Speed, distance, mass, energy, temperature, time

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4
Q

Vector examples

A

Force, velocity, displacement, weight, acceleration, momentum

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5
Q

Velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

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6
Q

Speed(m/s)=

A

Distance(m)/time(s)

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7
Q

Distance(m)=

A

Average speed(m/s) x time(s)

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8
Q

How to interpret distance/time graphs

A

Gradient at a given point gives speed at that point. Use speed equation to calculate average speed by using total distance and total time on the graph.

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9
Q

Acceleration(m/s2)=

A

Change in velocity(m/s) / time(s)

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10
Q

Uniform acceleration is

A

A constant acceleration. Acceleration due to gravity is uniform for objects in free fall and its roughly 10 m/s2.U

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11
Q

Uniform acceleration equation

A

v(final velocity)2 - u(initial velocity)2 = 2 x a(acceleration) x X(Distance)

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12
Q

How to interpret velocity/time graphs

A

Gradient at a point is the acceleration. Steeper the graph, higher the acceleration. The distance under the graph shows distance travelled in that time period.

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13
Q

Trolley motion practical

A

Connect light gates along a ramp , with a trolley connected to a string at the top. At the end of the string hang a mass on a hook. Let the trolley go and use the light gates speed and time measurements to calculate acceleration

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14
Q

Other methods of determining the speed of objects

A

Rolling tape measure or stopwatch for walking speed. Video and frames per second method

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15
Q

Typical Walking speed

A

1.4 m/s

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16
Q

Typical running speed

A

3 m/s

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17
Q

Typical cycling speed

A

5.5 m/s

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18
Q

Typical car in city speed

A

13 m/s

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19
Q

Typical aeroplane speed

A

250 m/s

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20
Q

Typical car on motorway speed

A

31 m/s

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21
Q

Typical train speed

A

55 m/s

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22
Q

Typical wind speed

A

5-20 m/s

23
Q

Typical speed of sound in air

A

340m/s

24
Q

Typical ferry speed

A

15 m/s

25
Q

Newtons first law

A

If the resultant force on a stationary object is 0, the onject will remain stationary. If the resultant force on a moving object is 0, it will carry on at the same velocity.

26
Q

Newtons second law

A

Force and acceleration are directly proportional. Acceleration is inversely proportional to the object mass.

27
Q

F=

A

m x a

28
Q

Weight(N) =

A

mass(kg) x gravitational field strength(N/kg)

29
Q

Higher gravitational field strength leads to

A

Higher weight. Meaning weight changes in different locations

30
Q

How does speed and velocity change in an object moving in a circular motion

A

Speed stays constant, whilst velocity is always changing due to constant changes in direction.

31
Q

What is the force that keeps an object moving in a circular motion

A

The centripetal force, which causes a resultant force on the object that keep it accelerating

32
Q

Inertial mass

A

A measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object. m = F/a

33
Q

Newtons third law

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite.

34
Q

Newtons third law in collisions means that

A

If two things collide, they will accelerate depending on their mass. The higher the mass the less the forces will make it accelerate. This also explains conservation of momentum.

35
Q

Newtons third law in equilibrium reactions

A

Gravity leads to weight pulling an object down, and the object pulls back up on the earth.

36
Q

Momentum is

A

A property that all moving objects have that shows how hard it is to stop the object.

37
Q

Momentum kg m/s (P) =

A

Mass(kg) x Velocity(m/s)

38
Q

Conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum before is equal to the total momentum after in a closed system

39
Q

Changes in momentum occur from?

A

A force acting on an object over a period of time. Newtons second law explains this.

40
Q

Force(N) =

A

Change in momentum(kg m/s) / Time(s)

41
Q

Ruler drop experiment

A

Tests reaction time. Hold the bottom of the ruler in line with a persons hand. Without warning drop the ruler and the other has to catch it as fast as possible. Calculate reaction time from the distance and acceleration. Typical time between 0.2-0.6s.

42
Q

Stopping distance =

A

Thinking distance+Braking distance

43
Q

Thinking distance

A

Distance car travels in the time between when the drivers sees the stimulus and applies the brakes.

44
Q

Braking distance

A

Distance taken to stop once the brakes have been applied

45
Q

Driver reaction time affects

A

Thinking distance. Inccreased by tiredness, alcohol, drugs and distractions

46
Q

Speed of vehicle affects

A

Thinking distance because it increases distance travlled during reaction time and braking distance because it takes longer to stop

47
Q

Mass of car affects

A

Braking distance because it increases the force needed to stop the car

48
Q

State of vehicle brakes affect

A

Braking distance because if they are worn they wont be able to brake with as much force.

49
Q

State of road affect

A

Braking distance becuase there may be decreased friction leading to longer for it to stop

50
Q

Large decellerations are dangerous because

A

The less time the change in momentum occurs over, the higher the force. This means that there is more chance of injury from more forceful collisions.

51
Q

As speed increases, thinking distance… and braking distance…

A

Thinking distance increases at the same rate, and braking distance increases by the scale factor power 2.

52
Q

Energy in the cars kinetic store=

A

Work done by the brakes

53
Q

(1/2) x (m) x (v power 2) =

A

F x d

Physics Edexcel (15 decks)

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