Topic 2 - Migration Flashcards
Give two examples of species where the migration takes longer than their life cycle.
Locust
Monarch Butterfly
What is telemetry?
Using satellite transmitters that encode position data on a radio signal, eg. to track bird migrations
What is migration?
Movement from one habitat to another.
This may be regular movement by the same individuals between certain places.
Or may be triggered by crowding and lack of food.
Give three reasons for migration, with example species.
- migration to warmer areas to breed (humpbacks)
- migration to warmer areas to avoid colder winter (monarchs)
- search for sources of food (godwits).
What are two types of drag in water?
Pressure drag - acts on front as move forwards
Skin friction drag - acts on whole surface area
What are the three main global flyways?
o Americas
o Africa-Eurasian
o East Asia- Australia
What are the two main categories of migration - give examples where these go and a bird species.
Short-distance migrants - usually fly overland, within continents, eg. across several states in the USA and Canada or within Europe, eg. Waxwings
Long-distance migrants - cross continents and their journeys often involve substantial sea crossings, eg. cuckoo
For (natural selection) to occur, what needs to be present in a population?
There needs to be variation in the population.
What is an adaptation?
A morphological, physiological, biochemical, developmental, or behavioural trait that gives an organism a greater ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
What is natural selection?
The differential survival and/or reproduction of organisms due to their physical attributes or phenotype.
** What THREE criteria are needed for natural selection to occur in a population?
- there must be variation in a trait
- the trait must be genetic, ie. inherited
- the trait must provide differential in survival and/or reproduction
What are the 3 types of natural selection?
Directional
Stabilising
Disruptive
What does polyphyletic mean?
It has evolved separately in different lineages
Name a key cost of migration in birds
The journey itself can be fatal, due to storms and other extreme weather events
What is zug-unruhe?
It is migration restlessness - a behaviour demonstrated in captive birds when they try to migrate but can’t
What is homeostatis?
A suite of physiological processes that allow an organism to regulate its internal environment, even when external factors fluctuate
What type of feedback system maintains a stable state?
Negative feedback will restore to the original position and maintain a stable state
What is the difference between an endotherm and an ectotherm?
Endotherms (mammals and birds) can regulate their body temperature internally to keep it constant. All other animals (ectotherms) need an external heat source and can tolerate fluctuating body temperatures.
What is the basal metabolic rate?
The minimal metabolic rate needed to keep basic cell and body functions working
What is the metabolism and give two ways it might be measured
Metabolism is a measure of the body’s energy use per unit of time. It can be determed by the amount of oxygen used OR carbon dioxide produced in cellular respiration
What is the thermoneutral zone?
In an endotherm, its the range of temperatures where the basal metabolic rate occurs, with no need for thermal regulation as the temperature is within comfortable limits (not too hot and not too cold)
What is osmoregulation?
It is the regulation / conservation of water within the body
What THREE types of compass can birds use?
Magnet
Sun
Stars
How do birds navigate by the stars?
They respond to a star pattern that rotates around a single conspicuous star
Give TWO ways in which the Sun is used by birds as a navigation aid
The position of the Sun helps with direction
The appearance of the Sun each morning helps reset the internal body clock needed to assess direction as the Sun moves across the sky
What is morphology?
The study of the form and structure of organisms
What is physiology?
The study of function in living things