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Biology Year 10 > Topic 2 Microbes And Defense Against Disease > Flashcards

Topic 2 Microbes And Defense Against Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable diseases meaning

A

Those that can be transferred from one person to another, or from one organism to another

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2
Q

Non-communicable diseases meaning

A

One that cannot be transferred between people or other orgasims

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3
Q

6 examples of communicable diseases

A

Measles
HIV
Influenza
Athlete’s foot
Hepatitis
Small pox

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4
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

Depression
Cancer
Alzheimer’s
Diabetes
Asthma
Heart disease

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5
Q

3 types of microbe

A

Fungi
Viruses
Bacteria

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6
Q

Description of structure.
Fungi

A

Network of threads

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7
Q

Why are fungi dangerous

A

Responsible for athletes foot infection as well as ringworm and thrush. They can also mould bread and other food

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8
Q

Why are fungi useful

A

Yeast is the best known fungi it is used in the baking and brewing industries. Fungi is also used for cheese think of blue cheese.

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9
Q

Virus structure

A

There is a head capsule with DNA with a long tale with an end plate attached

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10
Q

Why is virus dangerous

A

Make people sick, contagious, spread from one person to another and antibiotics don’t work on viruses

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11
Q

How can a virus be useful

A

Humans can use them to genetic engineer

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12
Q

Bacteria structure

A

Cocci are spherical in shape, bacilli are rod shaped, spirochètes are spiral shaped.

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13
Q

How can bacteria be dangerous

A

Cause food to go off, responsible for diseases like MRSA, salmonella and tuberculosis

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14
Q

How can bacteria be useful

A

Production of yogurt, treating sewage and genetic engineering.

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15
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A pathogen is a microbe that causes sickness and disease

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16
Q

Four ways pathogens spread

A

Airborne eg: breath in infected air (Covid, cold and tuberculosis
Water (drink infected water) cholera and typhoid
Direct contact (touch) chicken pox
Indirect contact (eat infected food) eg:salmonella

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17
Q

Why is it important to wash your hands

A

So diseases don’t spread as easily (if you don’t use soap bacteria will go on food and everything you touch.)

18
Q

What aseptic technique

A

To minimise risk of contamination. When working with agar/ biological samples

19
Q

Method of aseptic technique

A

Bunsen setup

Pétri dish on mat close to Bunsen

Using chinagraph pencil, draw cross on outside of base of dish to divide base into 4 quarters

Unscrew lid of agar

Flame mouth of the air bottle in a blue Bunsen flame

Lift up the lid of pétri dish just enough to pour agar in

Close lid as quickly as possible

Gently move dish to make sure the bottom of dish is completely covered in agar

Allow 5-10 mins to set

Decide on 4 sited where to obtain microbes

Use cotton bud to obtain microbes of chosen surface

Return to work area, lift lid and stroke the cotton bud over the surface of the agar

Replace lid on dish

Seal dish with sello tape and label initials, he date and source of microbes

Place in incubator upside down

20
Q

What do you call a group of bacteria

A

Colonies

21
Q

Give an example of where the aseptic technique may be used

A

Dressing wounds in a environmental health lab

22
Q

Give 3 measures that are taken when working under aseptic conditions

A

Bunsen burner on heat proof mat
Sterilise all equipment
Keep lid on as much as possible
Wash hands
Wear gloves and masks

23
Q

Why is it recommended to work close to a Bunsen when making growth plates

A

The heat from Bunsen will kill microbes which will stop your results from getting contaminated. And upward flow of air reduces the chance of microbes falling onto plate and contaminating it

24
Q

Why do you incubate your pétri dish upside down

A

So condensation falls to the bottom and doesn’t affect resukts

25
Q

Why would it be dangerous to incubate the growth plates at 37 degrees

A

Cause you would grow microbes that would be able to survive in the human body (as 37 degrees is body heat) which could make us sick.

26
Q

Defences against pathogens

A

Skin forms a protective barrier to prevent microbe entry. Skin secretions are acidic
Microbes on food enter stomach and acid will kill bacteria
Cilia in lungs produce mucus in lungs to trap bacteria. They waft this back to the stomach
Tears have anti septic fluid and kills microbes
Platelets in blood clot and form a scab if skin is broken
White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes) in blood destroy microbes

27
Q

What happens during phagocytosis

A
  1. The phagocyte identifies pathogen
  2. Migration the phagocyte changes shape and moves towards the bacteria
  3. Pathogen becomes engulfed by the cytoplasm
  4. Bacteria is digested by enzymes
28
Q

What is a outbreak

A

A sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease

May occur in community or geographical area, or may affect several countries

It may last a few days, weeks or several years

29
Q

What is a epidemic

A

Occurs when infectious diseases spread rapidly to many people

30
Q

What is a pandemic

A

A global outbreak
It affects wider geographical area, often world wide

31
Q

What does SARS STAND FOR

A

Severe Acute respiratory syndrome

32
Q

How many hundreds of known corona viruses can infect humans

A

7

33
Q

What is the virus that cause Covid 19

A

SARS- Cov -2

34
Q

Where do viruses spread best

A

Enclosed spaces

35
Q

What is the proper name for mistakes that the virus makes when it replicates

A

Mutations

36
Q

Why are virus mutations dangerous

A

They can be better suited in a new environment and won’t die

37
Q

What disease did milk maids get from the cows they worked with

A

Cow pox

38
Q

Jenner seemed to notice milk maids never got small pox why was this

A

Cow pox made them immune to small pox

39
Q

Who did Jenner choose to carry out his experiments on and what age was he

A

James ribs who was 8 3/4

40
Q

How did Jenner treat the boy

A

Took puss from a women with cow pox and rubbed the puss onto one of James scratches then infected the boy with small pox and it didn’t make James sick as his plan worked.

Biology Year 10 (4 decks)

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