Topic 2 Microbes And Defense Against Disease

Question 1

Communicable diseases meaning

Answer 1

Those that can be transferred from one person to another, or from one organism to another

Question 2

Non-communicable diseases meaning

Answer 2

One that cannot be transferred between people or other orgasims

Question 3

6 examples of communicable diseases

Answer 3

Measles
HIV
Influenza
Athlete’s foot
Hepatitis
Small pox

Question 4

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 4

Depression
Cancer
Alzheimer’s
Diabetes
Asthma
Heart disease

Question 5

3 types of microbe

Answer 5

Fungi
Viruses
Bacteria

Question 6

Description of structure.
Fungi

Answer 6

Network of threads

Question 7

Why are fungi dangerous

Answer 7

Responsible for athletes foot infection as well as ringworm and thrush. They can also mould bread and other food

Question 8

Why are fungi useful

Answer 8

Yeast is the best known fungi it is used in the baking and brewing industries. Fungi is also used for cheese think of blue cheese.

Question 9

Virus structure

Answer 9

There is a head capsule with DNA with a long tale with an end plate attached

Question 10

Why is virus dangerous

Answer 10

Make people sick, contagious, spread from one person to another and antibiotics don’t work on viruses

Question 11

How can a virus be useful

Answer 11

Humans can use them to genetic engineer

Question 12

Bacteria structure

Answer 12

Cocci are spherical in shape, bacilli are rod shaped, spirochètes are spiral shaped.

Question 13

How can bacteria be dangerous

Answer 13

Cause food to go off, responsible for diseases like MRSA, salmonella and tuberculosis

Question 14

How can bacteria be useful

Answer 14

Production of yogurt, treating sewage and genetic engineering.

Question 15

What is a pathogen

Answer 15

A pathogen is a microbe that causes sickness and disease

Question 16

Four ways pathogens spread

Answer 16

Airborne eg: breath in infected air (Covid, cold and tuberculosis
Water (drink infected water) cholera and typhoid
Direct contact (touch) chicken pox
Indirect contact (eat infected food) eg:salmonella

Question 17

Why is it important to wash your hands

Answer 17

So diseases don’t spread as easily (if you don’t use soap bacteria will go on food and everything you touch.)

Question 18

What aseptic technique

Answer 18

To minimise risk of contamination. When working with agar/ biological samples

Question 19

Method of aseptic technique

Answer 19

Bunsen setup

Pétri dish on mat close to Bunsen

Using chinagraph pencil, draw cross on outside of base of dish to divide base into 4 quarters

Unscrew lid of agar

Flame mouth of the air bottle in a blue Bunsen flame

Lift up the lid of pétri dish just enough to pour agar in

Close lid as quickly as possible

Gently move dish to make sure the bottom of dish is completely covered in agar

Allow 5-10 mins to set

Decide on 4 sited where to obtain microbes

Use cotton bud to obtain microbes of chosen surface

Return to work area, lift lid and stroke the cotton bud over the surface of the agar

Replace lid on dish

Seal dish with sello tape and label initials, he date and source of microbes

Place in incubator upside down

Question 20

What do you call a group of bacteria

Answer 20

Colonies

Question 21

Give an example of where the aseptic technique may be used

Answer 21

Dressing wounds in a environmental health lab

Question 22

Give 3 measures that are taken when working under aseptic conditions

Answer 22

Bunsen burner on heat proof mat
Sterilise all equipment
Keep lid on as much as possible
Wash hands
Wear gloves and masks

Question 23

Why is it recommended to work close to a Bunsen when making growth plates

Answer 23

The heat from Bunsen will kill microbes which will stop your results from getting contaminated. And upward flow of air reduces the chance of microbes falling onto plate and contaminating it

Question 24

Why do you incubate your pétri dish upside down

Answer 24

So condensation falls to the bottom and doesn’t affect resukts

Question 25

Why would it be dangerous to incubate the growth plates at 37 degrees

Answer 25

Cause you would grow microbes that would be able to survive in the human body (as 37 degrees is body heat) which could make us sick.

Question 26

Defences against pathogens

Answer 26

Skin forms a protective barrier to prevent microbe entry. Skin secretions are acidic Microbes on food enter stomach and acid will kill bacteria Cilia in lungs produce mucus in lungs to trap bacteria. They waft this back to the stomach Tears have anti septic fluid and kills microbes Platelets in blood clot and form a scab if skin is broken White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes) in blood destroy microbes

Question 27

What happens during phagocytosis

Answer 27

1. The phagocyte identifies pathogen 2. Migration the phagocyte changes shape and moves towards the bacteria 3. Pathogen becomes engulfed by the cytoplasm 4. Bacteria is digested by enzymes

Question 28

What is a outbreak

Answer 28

A sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease May occur in community or geographical area, or may affect several countries It may last a few days, weeks or several years

Question 29

What is a epidemic

Answer 29

Occurs when infectious diseases spread rapidly to many people

Question 30

What is a pandemic

Answer 30

A global outbreak It affects wider geographical area, often world wide

Question 31

What does SARS STAND FOR

Answer 31

Severe Acute respiratory syndrome

Question 32

How many hundreds of known corona viruses can infect humans

Answer 32

7

Question 33

What is the virus that cause Covid 19

Answer 33

SARS- Cov -2

Question 34

Where do viruses spread best

Answer 34

Enclosed spaces

Question 35

What is the proper name for mistakes that the virus makes when it replicates

Answer 35

Mutations

Question 36

Why are virus mutations dangerous

Answer 36

They can be better suited in a new environment and won’t die

Question 37

What disease did milk maids get from the cows they worked with

Answer 37

Cow pox

Question 38

Jenner seemed to notice milk maids never got small pox why was this

Answer 38

Cow pox made them immune to small pox

Question 39

Who did Jenner choose to carry out his experiments on and what age was he

Answer 39

James ribs who was 8 3/4

Question 40

How did Jenner treat the boy

Answer 40

Took puss from a women with cow pox and rubbed the puss onto one of James scratches then infected the boy with small pox and it didn’t make James sick as his plan worked.