Topic 2 - Lung Volumes & Capacities Flashcards by Morgan LeCouter

Ventilation

Process by which air moves in and out of the lungs.

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Minute (or total) ventilation - what is it? equation?

volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs per minute
VE = VT x f
(total ventilation = tidal volume x frequency)

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what is tidal volume? Value?

air that moves in/out of lungs in each respiratory cycle; about 500mL (varies with age, sex, body position & metabolic activity)

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how is Tidal volume measured

spirometry (amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath)

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What are the lung volumes (4)

IRV: Inspiratory reserve volume
ERV: Expiratory reserve volume
RV: Residual volume
VT: Tidal volume

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what does IRV measure?

its the most air we are able to breath in

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what does ERV measure?

feels like we breathed out all our air

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what does RV measure?

Residual volume is the air remaining in lungs after maximum respiration (ERV); allows airways to not be empty/not collapse

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What is mL value of IRV?

IRV = 3,000mL

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What is mL value of ERV?

1,200mL

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What is mL value of RV?

1,200mL

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What is mL value of Tidal Volume (VT)?

500mL

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what are the 4 capacities?

VC = Vital capacity
IC = inspiratory capacity
FRC = functional residual capacity
TLC = total lung capacity

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what does VC measure?

Vital capacity measures air that can be exhaled w/max effort after max inspiration (used to assess thoracic muscle strength & pulmonary function) - ex blowing out bday candles

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what does IC measure?

Inspiratory capacity is max air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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what does FRC measure?

Functional residual capacity measures air remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration

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what does TLC measure?

Total lung capacity measures the max amount of air lungs can contain

What is equation for VC? Typical value?

VC = ERV + TV + IRV
VC = 4,700mL

What is equation for IC? Typical value?

IC = VT + IRV
IC = 3,500mL

What is equation for FRC? Typical value?

FRC = ERV + RV
FRC = 2,400mL

What is equation for TLC? Typical value?

TLC = VC + RV
TLC = 5,900mL

What is FVC

Forced vital capacity - breath out as quick as possible

What is FEV1

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

How are FEV1 and FVC connected

FEV1 is the most air that comes out in first second of FVC (forced expiratory volume is usually 80% of forced vital capacity)

What does the Flow Volume Loop tell us

FVC = TLC - RV FVC = VC FVC = IRV + VT + ERV FVC = 4,700

What is PEFR? Where is it seen?

peak expiratory flow rate; max flow rate achieved during expiratory maneuver. Peak of Flow Volume Loop graph

what is FEF50 or Vmax50

instantaneous flow rate at which 50% of the VC (vital capacity) has been exhaled

what is FEF75 or Vmax75

instantaneous flow rate at which 75% of the VC (vital capacity) has been exhaled

what is FEF25 or Vmax25

instantaneous flow rate at which 25% of the VC (vital capacity) has been exhaled

when is PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate) seen on flow volume loop? around what FEF?

Near the beginning; around FEF25 (25% of air exhaled)

what is useful in diagnosing lung disease

measurements of pulmonary function like FVC, FEV1, PEFR

what general classifications can pulmonary diseases be?

Obstructive or Restrictive

what is obstructive pulmonary disease? examples?

obstruction to the flow of air resulting in increased RESISTANCE to movement of air into or out of airways; obstruction can be inside lumen, in airway wall, surrounding airway; diseases: asthma, chronic bronchitis, aspiration of foreign material, cystic fibrosis

what is restrictive pulmonary disease? examples?

Not possible to fully fill lungs with air. The full expansion of the lung is RESTRICTED in some manner; Can result from conditions that “stiffen” the lungs; stiffness of the chest walls; problems with muscles or nerves involved in respiration; physical abnormalities. can be due to: Alterations in the parenchyma (surrounds airways), Diseases of the pleura (opens lungs), chest wall (muscle contraction) or neuromuscular apparatus Ex disease: pulmonary fibrosis, elastic tissue replaced with thickened scar tissue

FVC & FEV1 in normal vs lung disease patients - difference

Normal FVC = 5, FEV1 = 4 (80% of FVC) FVC & FEV1 reduced in obstructive disease (like asthma) - airways narrow/restricted, takes longer for air to move In restrictive disease, FVC reduced; FEV1:FVC higher (FEV1 not as reduced bc able to get out air since no obstruction)

see slide 4 for lung volume & capacity diagram

how to identify asthmatic bronchial wall

Asthmatic: hyper-responsiveness of the airways to various stimuli, starts as widespread narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction) causing increased resistance, Excessive mucus secretion, Chronic inflammation, Chest tightening, wheezing and cough.

Bronchial wall - normal & asthmatic

Appearance compared to normal: too much airway smooth muscle (contracting in appropriately), constricted bronchi, more mucus produced, inflammation (edema secreted)

which lung volumes & capacities can be measured by spirometry

TV, IRV, ERV, VC, IC

which lung volumes & capacities cannot be measured by spirometry

RV, FRC, TLC (residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity)

what is the 0 point of a flow volume loop referring to

TLC

What is the end point of flow volume loop referring to