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PHYL 2044 (winter '25) > Topic 1 - Lung Structure & Function (Respiratory Phys) > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Lung Structure & Function (Respiratory Phys) Flashcards

1
Q

Define respiration

A

Supply tissues with oxygen & dispose carbon dioxide made by cellular metabolism

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2
Q

What are the types of Respiration?

A
  1. Cellular respiration
  2. External respiration
  3. Internal respiration
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3
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

utilization of oxygen in metabolism of organic molecules

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4
Q

what is external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen & CO2 between lungs & blood

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5
Q

what is internal respiration

A

exchange of oxygen & CO2 between bloodstream & tissues/cells

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6
Q

why do we need oxygen in?

A

energy is made by our tissues by oxidation of food substrates

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7
Q

why do we need CO2 out?

A

CO2 is a by-product of oxidative metabolism is CO2 (CO2 accumulation would acidify body fluids)

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8
Q

what can our bodies tolerate vs tolerate (in terms of O2 & CO2 levels)

A

we can tolerate drop in O2, but not accumulation of CO2

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9
Q

functions of respiratory system (7)

A

1) provide oxygen
2) Eliminate CO2
3) Acid-base regulation (w/the kidneys - urinate out H+…)
4) Phonation (speech sounds)
5) Host defense (keeps us sterile/healthy)
6) Alteration in arterial chemical messengers, either by removal or inactivation, or by producing/activating others
7) Trap & dissolve blood clots from systemic circulation

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10
Q

What is the route/passage of air

A

Nose/mouth -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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11
Q

What is the important muscle in respiration? What type of muscle?

A

Diaphragm; skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Which lung is bigger? Why?

A

Right is bigger, left is smaller to allow room for heart

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13
Q

Difference between path through trachea vs esophagus?

A

Air goes from nose/mouth -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea; Food goes mouth -> esophagus. If food went down trachea, this is “going down wrong pipe”, we cough and have difficulty breathing.

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14
Q

What is the unit of gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

What are the parts that make up the lung/parts of passage of air in lung?

A

Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

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16
Q

What is ventilation

A

air movement; must match perfusion (blood flow) in order for respiration to work efficiently

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17
Q

What is the relationship within ventilation?

A

blood vessels & airways

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18
Q

What is perfusion

A

blood flow

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19
Q

why do ventilation & perfusion have to be matched?

A

for respiration to work efficiently (blood brings O2 to alveoli)

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20
Q

What blood vessel(s) are present in left lung

A

Left pulmonary artery (carries deoxy blood fr heart to left lung) & pulmonary veins (carry oxygenated blood fr left lung to heart)

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21
Q

What are the 2 zones of respiratory system

A

Conducting zone & Respiratory zone

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22
Q

Terminal bronchiole vs Respiratory bronchiole

A

Terminal bronchiole: end of conducting zone (doesn’t participate in gas exchange)
Respiratory bronchiole: first part of respiratory zone (gas exchange begins)

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23
Q

What is the structure of Alveoli similar to

A

Grapes

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24
Q

parts of respiratory zone (see Topic 1, Slide 7)

A

terminal bronchiole (smooth muscle around it), branch of pulmonary vein, branch of pulmonary artery, respiratory bronchiole alveoli, capillary network

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25
what is an alveolar duct
passage that leads air from respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sacs (groups of alveoli)
26
Structure of area of gas exchange (T 1, S 8)
There are erythrocytes (RBCs) in plasma within the capillary, capillaries lined with capillary endothelium & then basement membrane, capillaries are connected to other capillaries by interstitium (maintain shape), outside is basement membrane again, Type I and II cells form here
27
Type I vs Type II alveolar epithelial cells
Type I alveolar epithelial cells provide structural support & do rapid gas diffusion (smaller flat cells) Type II produce surfactant, which lowers surface tension forces (larger protruding cells)
28
What is pulmonary surfactant
made by Type II alveolar epithelial cells, acts to lower surface tension forces (prevents collapsing of alveoli/lungs)
29
What cells are present for host defence
Alveolar macrophages eat bacteria that attempt to infect
30
What can make Type I alveolar epithelial cells?
Type II can differentiate into Type I alveolar epithelial cells
31
What pleura are in lungs (difference?)
Visceral pleura: attached to lung Parietal pleura: attached to interior thoracic wall & diaphragm
32
What separates the pleura
Interpleural fluid separates visceral & parietal pleura
33
What is interpleural fluid
a thin layer of fluid that lubricates pleural surfaces as they slide over each other during breathing
34
What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)
pressure in intrapleural fluid space; it's less than atmospheric pressure
35
What is pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura (often caused by viral infection) - 2 pleura rub against each each other
36
Inspiration vs Expiration (one word answers)
Inspiration = inhale Expiration = exhale
37
Inspiration vs Expiration - which is passive
Expiration
38
What is required for inspiration? Function?
diaphragm (flattens/moves down, lungs expand/widen) & external intercostal muscles (moves chest wall in/out, thoracic cavity gets bigger)
39
How does exercise impact inspiration
Accessory muscles recruited: scalene muscles (Increase volume of lungs) & sternomastoids (move chest wall in/out further)
40
What is required for Expiration?
no muscles - expiration is passive
41
How does exercise impact expiration
Accessory muscles recruited: Internal intercostals (pull ribcage in) & abdominal muscles (depress lower ribs)
42
What muscles are used for normal inspiration
External intercostals & Diaphragm
43
See Topic 1, Slide 12 (Diagram)
See Topic 1, Slide 12 (Diagram)
44
Functions of Conducting Zone
path for airflow, defends against microbes/toxic chemicals/other foreign material, warms & moistens air, phonation (voice production)
45
Functions of Respiratory Zone
Gas exchange
46
How does number of divisions/branches compare for conducting vs respiratory zone
starts at 1 in conducting zone (trachea) then increases as it reaches the respiratory zone, lots in alveolar sacs
47
How does presence of cilia compare for conducting vs respiratory zone
Mainly only in conducting zone
48
How does smooth muscle presence compare for conducting vs respiratory zone
Decreases as closer to respiratory zone; present in conducting zone, some or none in respiratory zone
49
How does cartilage presence compare for conducting vs respiratory zone
only present in trachea (patchy in bronchi); none in respiratory zone
50
Why is cartilage needed?
Protects/prevents collapsing
51
How is bulk flow used in respiration?
Bulk flow (high to low gradient of gas movement) moves inspired air to the terminal bronchioles.
52
Where does cross-sectional area of airways increase dramatically
past the terminal bronchioles; the respiratory zone has large cross-sectional area (surface area of the airways thru which air flows) due to large number of branches - the forward velocity of the inspired air falls & diffusion takes over as the dominant mechanism of air movement.
53
How much volume is the Conducting Zone? What is this called?
150mL volume (30% of a normal breath) Called anatomic dead space (bc no gas exchange here)
54
What volume is a normal breath?
500mL volume
55
What is the total surface area that gas exchange can occur?
70 m² (alveolar surface area in lungs)
56
What is host defence? The method of this changes depending on what? Why?
Clearance of inhaled particles; depends on size of particle on what way it is cleared (bc their size determines how far into the lungs they can penetrate).
57
Explain clearance of particles, large to small particle removal
Large: particles swallowed by nasopharynx (particles stick to mucus, stomach destroys particles or they are coughed up) Medium: Muco-ciliary system of bronchi transports particles (up towards throat & mouth, then swallowed or coughed up) Small: alveolar macrophages engulf particles (no mucus or cilia here)
58
Is host defense respiratory or non-respiratory
non-respiratory
59
What are the layers of Mucus?
Gel layer: thicker (more viscous); particles stick here & moved upwards/towards throat Sol Layer: thinner/lower viscosity; cilia here & it beats/sweeps the mucus out of airways (see slide 16 for visual)
60
what makes mucus?
Goblet cell & mucus gland
61
what happens if cilia isn't working
infection
62
Where is a good place to modify biologically active substances (like peptides)
Endothelial cells lining pulmonary circulation (bc they are exposed to entire cardiac output/blood pumped)
63
Biological activation vs biological inactivation - which fate is more common in pulmonary circulation?
Biological inactivation (removal/decreased when metabolized in pulmonary circulation)
64
pulmonary vs systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation is a short loop from heart to lungs and back. The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again.

PHYL 2044 (winter '25) (4 decks)

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