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Physics Unit 1 > Topic 2 - Ionization > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Ionization Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleons in nucleus

A

Term for protons with proton/proton with neutron/neutron with neutron
(between nucleus’s particles)

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2
Q

What is the mass of a proton (amu)?

A

1.0073

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3
Q

What is the mass of an neutron(amu)?

A

1.0087

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4
Q

What is the mass of an electron (amu)?

A

0.0005

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5
Q

4 Forces ranked strongest to weakest within an atom

A
  1. Strong nuclear
  2. Electrostatic repulsion
  3. Weak nuclear
  4. Gravitational
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5
Q

What is strong nuclear force?

A

(Has nothing to do with charge)
- Nucleon to Nucleon interaction (protons with proton/proton with neutron/neutron with neutron)
- Over short distances
- Created between nucleons by exchange of elementary particles
- Larger elements need relatively more neutrons than protons to overcome electrostatic force of repulsion between protons

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6
Q

What is the value of AMU

A

1.66 * 10^-24

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7
Q

What are isotopes

A
  • N. neutrons change but number protons stay same
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8
Q

How do properties of isotopes change when they become isotopes

A

Same chemical property since same element

DIFFERENT physical property

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9
Q

What is the highest stable element?

A

Iron (Pb) - 82

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10
Q

In the element notation thingy what are the variables

A

A = mass number
X = element symbol
Z = atomic number

looks like

a
X
z

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11
Q

Which isotopes can be unstable (radioisotopes)

A

All man made & some natural isotopes (usually heavy natural elements) are unstable

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12
Q

How does a radioisotope become stable/what occurs?

A

They become stable by releasing different types of particles which is called radioactive decay

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13
Q

What is radioactive decay process?

A

When radioisotopes release different types of particles and radiation to become stable which can transform it to a different element (beta/gamma/alpha particles/rays)

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14
Q

When does spontaneous radioactive decay occur?

A

When there is a unstable neutron/proton ratio –> thus experiences nuclear decay

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15
Q

Explain what occurs during Beta Positive B+ radition?

A

A positron is emitted from the nucleus (exactly identical to electron other than its positive).
- Proton converted into a neutron

minus(- 1) atomic number

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16
Q

Explain what occurs during Beta Negative B- radition?

A
  • Electron emitted from nucleus
  • Neutron is decayed into a proton

+1 atomic number

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17
Q

Explain what occurs during Alpha (a) radiation? as well as just explain all main details

A

Alpha particle (like helium nucleus of 2 PROTONS & 2 NEUTRONS bound together) emitted
- emitted DURING DISINTEGRATION of certain radionuclides; mainly those of heavy elements

–> (-4) atom mass
–> (-2) atomic number

  • Can be harmful if inhaled/swallowed or absorbed into open wounds
  • when ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is low

QCAA: The composite particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons tightly bounded together and emitted from the nucleus of a radionuclides

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18
Q

Explain what occurs during Gamma (y) radiation?

A

When electromagnetic radiation with high-energy photon emitted from radioisotope
- Electromagnetic radiation with high frequencey
- Usually occurs after alpha/beta decay since the atom is still slightly unstavble and gets rid of the excess energy by gamma rays
Shielded by dense materials like lead

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19
Q

Charge of alpha particles

A

2+

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20
Q

Charge of beta positive

A

1+

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21
Q

Charge of beta negative

A

1-

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22
Q

Charge of gamma

A

0

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23
Q

What is emitted during alpha?

A

2 proton/2 neutron (helium nucleus)

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24
Q

What is emitted during beta positive?

A

positron

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25
Q

What is emitted during beta negative?

A

electron

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26
Q

What is emitted during gamma

A

high energy electromagnetic radiation

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27
Q

Symbol of alpha

A

4/2 He

4/2 a

( slash meaning below )

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28
Q

Symbol of beta negative

A

0/-1 e

0/-1 B

( slash meaning below )

29
Q

Symbol of positive

A

0/+1 e

0/+1 B

( slash meaning below )

30
Q

Symbol of gamma

A

Y

31
Q

Mass of all 4 radiactive shit?

A

Alpha = 4
beta +ve = 0.0005
beta -ve = 0.0005
gamma = 0

32
Q

Range of all 4 radioactive things emitted?

A

Alpha = few cm
beta +ve = few m
beta -ve = few m
gamma = infinite

33
Q

Penetrating ability of all 3 particles/rays and what shields the radioactive stuff?

A

Alpha = low penetrating (stopped by paper/clothing)
beta +ve = moderate penetrating (stopped by metal foil/plastic)
beta -ve = moderate penetrating (stopped by metal foil/plastic)
gamma = very high penetrating (stopped by lead/concrete)

34
Q

Ionising ability of all 3

A

Alpha = high (get close can without collide due to attractive force of proton and electron)
Beta = moderate (collide to transfer energy)
Gamma = low (direct collision)

35
Q

What is ionisation?

A

QCAA: The process by which an atom or molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons

  • An atom losing/gaining when exposed to high energy particles (alpha/betas/gamma)
  • Particles transfer some energy to electron in the atom causing it to be ejected from atom
36
Q

Explain alpha’s ionising capability?

A

They are a helium nucleus thus can attract electrons (electrostatic attraction) from an atom if close enough creating an ion in the atom.
Slower since bigger thus spending more time near the passing atom ultimately producing more ions per unit distance travelled

37
Q

Explain what occurs during Alpha (a) radiation? as well as just explain all main details

A

Alpha particle (like helium nucleus of 2 PROTONS & 2 NEUTRONS bound together) emitted
- emitted DURING DISINTEGRATION of certain radionuclides; mainly those of heavy elements

–> (-4) atom mass
–> (-2) atomic number

  • Can be harmful if inhaled/swallowed or absorbed into open wounds
  • when ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus is low

QCAA: The composite particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons tightly bounded together and emitted from the nucleus of a radionuclides

38
Q

What will happen if Ra-226 (88 protons) undergoes alpha decay?

A

Rn-222 (86 Protons)
+
He-4 (2 Protons)

2 protons/2 neutrons (helium nucleaus) emmitted

39
Q

What process undergoes if Ra-226 (88 protons) turns into Fr-226 (87 protons)

A

a photon is emitted (+1 e) during positive beta decay

40
Q

What will happen if Po-218 (84 protons) undergoes beta negative decay?

A

At-218 (85 protons)
+
-1B (e)

41
Q

What will happen if Po-218 (84 protons) undergoes beta positve decay?

A

Bi-218 (83 protons)
+
+1 B (photon) +1(e)

42
Q

Cause of beta negative usually?

A

If the neuclei has too many NEUTRONS - then can achieve nuclear stability

43
Q

Cause of beta positive usually?

A

Nuclei has too many protons - then can achieve nuclear stability

44
Q

QCAA defenition of Beta + radiation:

A

The type of radioactive decay where energetic positrons (0,1,e) & associated neutrino (0,0,v) are emitted from the atomic nucleus

45
Q

QCAA defenition of Beta -ve radiation:

A

The type of radiatioactive decay where energetic positrons (0,-1,e) & associated neutrino (0,0,v) are emitted from the atomic nucleus

46
Q

QCAA defenition of Gamma ray/radioisitope/decay?

A

Extremely high frequencey electromagnetic radiation (high frequencet photon) emitted from nucleus of some radionuclides (y)

47
Q

Result if Ra-226 (88 protons) undergoes gamma radiation

A

Ra-226 (88 protons)
+
0,0,y

(no change)

48
Q

What are decay equations?

A

Shows which elements are produced

49
Q

When does spontaneous decay occur?

A

When radionuclides decay to a more stable configuration

50
Q

What is a decay series?

A

When radionuclides decay, the daughters can be either stabkle or radioactive
Of which, MANY daughter PRODUCTS are radioactive themselves

The series/process an element or atom takes to become stable

51
Q

What is transmutation

A

Changing one element to another/one isotope to another

All alpha and beta
Not gamma since no charge mass change

52
Q

What is half-life

A

The time taken for half of the atoms in a sample material to undergo radioactive decay

The time it takes for exactly one-half of radioactive sample to decay

53
Q

How is half-life calculated

A

N=No(1/2)^n

N = remaining amount
No = inital amount
squiggully ‘n’ = number of half lives that have passed

n = t/T
- t = time passed
- T = half life

54
Q

What is artificial transmutation?

A

The changing or manipulation of a nucleus artificially

  • e.x. Nitrogen converted to Hydrogen by combining its nucleus with a high velocity alpha particle
    14N7 + 4He2 –? 17O8 + 1H1
55
Q

How is artifical transmutation different to spontatneous decay

A

Spontaneous decay caused by unstable isotopes and heavier elements decaying to a more stable state vs artifical

56
Q

What is the law for the relationship between intensity and distance of a half life?

A

Obeys the inverse square law (y is proportional to 1/(x^2)

  • The radiation intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance or radius from the surface
    –> nuclear radiation intensity decreases with further distance from the source
57
Q

What is binding energy?

A

The amount of energy required to remove ALL nucleons from the nucleus

58
Q

QCAA definition of binding energy?

A

The mechanical work that must be done against forces holding the nucleus together to disassemble it into component parts

59
Q

What is binding energy per nucleon?

A

The binding energy divided by the number of nucleons in the nucleus of an atom (how much energy for each nucleon to separate)

60
Q

What is the binding energy formula

A

‘change in’E = ‘change in’mc^2

E = energy needed
c = speed of light (3*10^8 m/s)
m = mass (Kg)

61
Q

What is the speed of light value

A

3*10^8m/s

62
Q

What is mass defect

A

The difference between the total mass of individual nucleons in the nucleus and nucleus as a whole (the atomic mass of the nucleus going to be smaller since missing mass as energy used to hold particles/nucleus together)

63
Q

What is the electron volt value? and what is it?

A

1.6 * 10^(-19) = 1eV

The unit of energy equal to the work done on an electron in accelerating it through an electrical potential difference of 1 volt

64
Q

Fission QCAA defenition?

A

The process in which a larger unstable nucleus splits, forming two (or more) smaller more stable nuclei while releasing neutrons and energy

One heavy nucleus splitting into 2 lighter ones

65
Q

Fusion QCAA defenition?

A

QCAA: The nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form one or more different, heavier atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.

2 light nuclei joining to form a heavier one
Reaction needs kinetic or pressure –> Kinetic energy converted to heat when fussed

66
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Measured in joules (j)

67
Q

What is electric energy caused by?

A

Electric energy is caused by moving electric charges (electrons)

68
Q

What are the conservation laws for nuclear reactions?

A
  • The mass energy is conserved
  • The number of nucleons in the nuclear reaction is conserved
  • The charge is conserved –> the sum of the charges left = sum of charges on the right
69
Q

How do chain reactions occur in nuclear stuff?

A

Process in which neutrons released in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus

70
Q

How do chain reactions occur in nuclear stuff?

A

Process in which neutrons released in fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus

If element smashes with neutron, forms 2 elements + 3 neutrons which those 3 move to smash more particles which cause multiplication of reactions & chain reactions

71
Q

What is the mass defect equation?

A

mass defect = (mass of protons (n. proton * 1 proton mass) + neutron mass) - mass of particle

Physics Unit 1 (2 decks)

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