TOPIC 2: HEMOGLOBIN METABOLISM AND OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE Flashcards
Main cytoplasmic component of a mature RBC
● Conjugated CHON that gives red color to the RBC
HEMOGLOBIN
________mL of OXYGEN
_________ of IRON (Ferrous state)
○ 1.34 mL of OXYGEN
○ 3.47 mg of IRON (Ferrous state)
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the ______ going to
the ________and from the tissues–it will take up
carbon dioxide, bringing it to the lungs for exhalation.
lungs- tissues
In the tissues, what should be present for hemoglobin to
unload oxygen?
2,3-BPG
The ____________is made up of amino acids
● The __________is a protein molecule; it is made up of
different amino acids
globin
● The Heme group is bound to the ________ and _______ helicase.
E and F helicase
Hemoglobin Molecule Illustrating Tertiary Folding of the Four
Polypeptide Chains.
● _____ globin chains are seen.
4 globins are seen
________ hemoglobin molecule = can bind to ____________ of
oxygen
1 hemoglobin
4 molecules
➔ Conformity: __________
Helical
A1B2 and A2B1 bonds are located between the ________
dimers
a1b1 bonds in the ________
front
a2b2 bonds in the _______
behind
● Globin chains ________ to form a cleft pocket for heme.
loop to form a cleft pocket
What can you observe regarding the conformity of the globin
chain?
● It has a space in the ________
● The space in the _________of the globin chain is where
the heme group is located
● When globin _______, it forms a pocket
center -middle
coils
Why do cleft pockets form? Why is it not flat?
● So that it will not lead to ___________
The pocket cleft is there for a reason– it is for iron
to help retain itin a ____________
oxidation
Ferrous state
Each globin chain contains a _______ group.
heme
● The binding of oxygen to heme unit is ______________.
reversible
➔ The interaction of FERROUS iron to the oxygen is a ____________
Weak reaction
➔ This is opposite for FERRIC iron, since ferric iron has a
__________ interaction with oxygen
VERY STRONG
TRUE OR FALSE?
Ferric iron does is readily release oxygen
FALSE because NOT readily release oxygen
● In the _______, the hemoglobin carries oxygen
● Going to the ________, it release oxygen
● When it goes backs to the _______, it carries oxygen
lungs
tissues
lungs
Heme is also known as ________________
FERROPROTOPORPHYRIN IX
TRUE OR FALSE?
Globin, in an adult, the majority of globin chains in an
adult are ZETA AND GAMMA
FALSE - It should be ALPHA AND BETA
➔ Renders blood RED
➔ Made up of PROTOPORPHYRIN IX and IRON
➔ 1 heme molecule = 1 oxygen molecule
Heme
➔ 4 globins in 1 hemoglobin molecule
➔ Differs in polypeptide chains
➔ Adult: a and B
Globin
Alpha and Zeta are product of chromosome ________ and ______ number of amino acids
Chromosome 16 and 141 amino acids
Beta, delta, gamma, epsilon are product of chromosome _______
Chromosome 11
Epsilon and theta have ________ number of amino acid
Unknown
What are the hemoglobin Present in Mesoblastic phase
Gower 1, Gower 2, Portland
Hepatic phase have hemoglobin present of ______
hemoglobin F
Birth (Phase) have hemoglobin present of ______ and ______
Hemoglobin F and A
Adulthood have hemoglobin present of ________, _______, _______
hemoglobin A1, A2, F
HEME SYNTHESIS is located in the _________ and _______
Mitochondria and cytoplasm
Hemoglobin Present - (Example: Alpha + beta)
Embryonic
Gower 1 - __________
Gower 2 -___________
Portland - ___________
Hepatic Phase
Hemoglobin F - _________
Birth
Hemoglobin F - _________
Hemoglobin A - __________
Adulthood
Hemoglobin A1 - ___________
Hemoglobin A2 - __________
Hemoglobin F - ____________
Embryonic
1. alpha + epsilon
2. zeta + epsilon
3. zeta + gamma
Hepatic phase
1. alpha + gamma
Birth
1. alpha + gamma
2. Alpha + beta
Adulthood
1. Alpha + beta
2. alpha + delta
3. alpha + gamma
In the mitochondria, there will be an interaction
between glycine and Succinyl CoA by way of
_______________
CONDENSATION
______________, also known as pyridoxine, or pyridoxal phosphate
Vitamin B6
Amino-leuvlinic acid will get out of the mitochondria
and go to the cytoplasm, when it goes to the
cytoplasm it will meet with ALA dehydratase and
ALA will be converted into ______________
PORPHOBILINOGEN
Still in the cytoplasm, the porphobilinogen will be
acted upon by Porphobilinogen deaminase becoming
_____________________
HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE
The condensation of succinyl CoA will form ____________
(Amino-levulinic acid)
Hydroxymethylbilane will be acted upon by
uroporphyrinogen III synthase forming
________________
Uroporphyrinogen III
Uroporphyrinogen III will be acted upon by
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase forming
______________
Coproporphyrinogen III
The coproporphyrinogen III will go back to the
____________, it will be acted upon by
coproporphyrinogen oxidase
MITOCHONDRIA
Inside the mitochondria, the coproporphyrinogen III
will become _________________
Protoporhyrinogen IX
Protoporphyrinogen IX will be acted upon by
protoporphyrinogen oxidase into ______________
Protoporphyrin IX
it needs Iron where the enzyme ___________will
incorporate it where it becomes a complete HEME
molecule
Ferrochelatase
Heme, since it is inside of the mitochondria, will go
out to the cytoplasm – and the Heme will meet with
__________chains in the cytoplasm
GLOBIN
4 Heme will combine with 4 Globin chains – they will
now form ______ hemoglobin molecule
1 hemoglobin molecule
INCREASE OR DECREASE? - CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBIN
As we develop, the hemoglobin has changed – they
will become Hemoglobin F; as we continue to
develop- Hemoglobin F will _________ in level
decrease
_______________ is the major hemoglobin
present in adulthood
Hemoglobin A
Hemoglobin F is the one of the major hemoglobins produced–but in adulthood, Hgb F only
takes about __________
1-2%
IMPORTANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN F DURING
INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT
when we were babies, our source of oxygen was
from the ____________
HIGH OR LOW?
The presence of Hemoglobin F during that period of development is very important because it has a VERY ________ AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
MOTHER
VERY HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
As we grow, there is decline in ______________
Hemoglobin F production
In hemoglobin ________, we have our own supply of
oxygen and we are capable of breathing
hemoglobin F
High Hemoglobin F levels in an adult will mean the
patient is ___________in the long run which may lead to
death, because of the Failure of Hemoglobin F to
release oxygen in the tissues
Hypoxic
REFERENCE VALUES (Henry’s)
Male: _____________
Female: _______________
Male: ● 14-17.5 g/dL ● 140-175 g/L
Female: ● 12.3-15.3 g/dL ● 123-153 g/L
____________ has the higher levels of Hgb because Females
menstruate, therefore it is normally lower
Male
Males have increased production of ___________
which is a promotor for ___________
testosterone
erythropoiesis
__________is an inhibitor for erythropoiesis
Estrogen
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
The shape of the curve is __________
SIGMOIDAL
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
the black, solid line is the NORMAL STATE OF
______________ and _________ without any
interrupting factors
OXYGEN AND HEMOGLOBIN
Decrease or Increase
___________ in oxygen saturation means plenty of
oxygen is binding to hemoglobin
Increase or rise
IN RELATION TO CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN
________________ is bound to oxygen
What is the treatment? ➔ ______________
Carbon monoxide
Hyperbaric oxygen
Shift to left or right?
↓ H+ ions (↑pH), ↓2,3-BPG
Shift to left
Shift to left or right?
↓PCO2,↓ temp (+ Hb variants with ↑O2 affinity)
Shift to Left
Shift to left or right?
↑H +ions, ↓pH, ↑2,3 BPG
Shift to right
Shift to right?
↑PCO2 ↑ temp (+Hb variants with ↓ O2 affinity)
Shift to right
FACTORS AFFECTING INCREASED 2,3-BPG
1.
2.
Shift to right
● Increased temperature
● Increased hydrogen
○ pH of blood will be acidic / ACIDOSIS
FACTORS AFFECTING DECREASED 2,3-BPG
Shift to Left
● Addition of carbon monoxide
● Decreased temp
● Decreased PCO2
It is important hemoglobin picks up _______
oxygen
LOCATION:
Mesoblastic phase -_________
Hepatic phase -______________
Medullary Phase - _____________
- Yolk Sac
- Liver
- Bone marrow
