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HEMA LEC 1 > TOPIC 1: ERYTHROCYTE METABOLISM AND DESTRUCTION > Flashcards

TOPIC 1: ERYTHROCYTE METABOLISM AND DESTRUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF A RED BLOOD CELL

Size: ___________

Shape:___________

Lifespan: ___________

Function: __________

A

Size: 7-8 um, average 7.2 um
Shape: Biconcave Disc
Lifespan: 90-120 Days
Function Efficient transport of oxygen from the lungs
to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs

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2
Q

Red blood cells also known as ___________

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

Diff Hemoglobin Derivatives/ Abnormal

  1. _____________ - ferric state of blood
    ➔ Color: _____________
  2. ____________- bound to carbon monoxide
    which has 210 times greater affinity
    ➔Color: __________

3.___________ - exposure to sulfhydryl compounds
➔ ____________

A
  1. Methemoglobin
    Color: Chocolate brown
  2. Carboxyhemoglobin
    Color: Cherry Red
  3. Sulfhemoglobin
    Color: Mauve-Lavender / irreversible
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4
Q

______________ have a very strong plasma membrane

A

Red Blood Cell

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5
Q

_____________ - indicates there is little to no
hemoglobin in the area

A

Central pallor

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6
Q

Biconcavity
● Most hemoglobin are found on the ___________
● ______ volume
● _________surface area
● _________ cell membrane
● __________ compared to volume

A

● Most hemoglobin are found on the periphery
● 90 fL volume
● 140um2 surface area
● Very thin cell membrane
● Large surface area compared to volume

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7
Q

● To separate the intracellular fluid environment from
the extracellular fluid environment

A

RBC Membrane

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8
Q

RBC Membrane

_______ Proteins
_______ Lipids (Phospholipids, Cholesterol)
________ Carbohydrates

A

52% Proteins
40% Lipids (Phospholipids, Cholesterol)
8% Carbohydrates

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9
Q

● __________ and ________ spectrin ➔ Helical configuration

A

Alpha and beta

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10
Q

bound to Band 3 protein

A

Ankyrin

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11
Q

anion exchanger

A

Band 3

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12
Q

Stabilizes the linkage of ankyrin to band 3

A

Band 4.2

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13
Q

_________________ - Transmembrane
○ Gives RBC a negatively charged surface
○ Contains ‘sialic acid

A

Glycophorin C

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14
Q

Cytoskeletal protein

A

SPECTRIN

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15
Q

➔ Function of cytoskeletal protein

A

Provides the shape/ maintains the framework of the cell

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16
Q

Is Protein Interaction Important? YES OR NO?

A

● Yes
● One absence of the protein will incur damages to the
system

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17
Q

____________ - there is a problem in the spectrin protein

A

Hereditary spheocytosis

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18
Q

the shape of their RBC–instead of biconcave, it
becomes spherical

The name of the cell is called _________ and it doesn’t have __________________

A

Spherocyte
No Central pallor

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19
Q

Cells that are spherocytic in shape tend to
_________, leading to ___________

A

HEMOLYZE - ANEMIA

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20
Q

EXAMPLES OF TRANSPORTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS
AND FUNCTIONS

Water transporter

A

Aquaporin 1

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21
Q

EXAMPLES OF TRANSPORTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS
AND FUNCTIONS

Anion transporter, support
system for surface antigens of
ABHblood group antigens

A

Band 3
Anion Exchanger 1

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22
Q

EXAMPLES OF TRANSPORTER MEMBRANE PROTEINS
AND FUNCTIONS

Ca2+ transporter

A

Duffy blood group
antigens

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23
Q

Glucose transporter, supports
ABH blood group antigens

A

GLUTI

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24
Q

Transports negatively charged
sialic acid, supports MN blood
group antigens

A

Glycophorin A

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25
Q

Transports negatively charged
sialic acid, supports Ss blood
group antigens

A

Glycophorin B

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26
Q

Transports negatively charged
sialic acid, supports Gerbich blood
group system antigens

A

Glycophorin C

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27
Q

Integrin Adhesion

A

ICAM 4

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28
Q

Zn2+ binding endopeptidase,
supports Kell blood group
antigens

A

Kell blood group
antigens

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29
Q

Urea transporter

A

Kidd blood group
antigens

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30
Q

Supports Dand CcEe blood group
antigens

A

Rh blood group
antigens

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31
Q

Supports DCcEe antigen
expression, gas transporter
(probably CO2
)

A

Rh antigen expression
protein

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32
Q

IONIC TRANSPORT AND HYDRATION HOMEOSTASIS

a Gradient-driven passive or secondary active
transporters
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

○ Band 3
○ KCC
○ NKCC
○ KNHE

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33
Q

– depends on what is the
concentration on the other side of the membrane

A

Gradient-dependent

34
Q

____________ -this is why
our bones are strong

A

MINERALIZATION

35
Q

The membrane will mineralize as
well which becomes rigid- which
makes it hard to go to the spleen
which makes it hard for _______________

A

RBC destruction

36
Q

RBC CYTOPLASM

1.
2.
3.

A

Electrolytes
Metabolic Materials
Enzymes

37
Q

○ accurate balance of intracellular K+, Na+
and Ca2+

A

Electrolytes

38
Q

○ glucose, intermediate products of glycolysis

A

● Metabolic Materials

39
Q

○ glycolytic enzymes

A

Enzymes

40
Q

RBC ENERGY METABOLISM

● Limited metabolic activity

__________________ (metabolism) - no
mitochondria left [only Aerobic if THERE is
mitochondria

A

Anaerobic respiration

41
Q

is the most immediate source of energy in all
cells

A

Glucose

42
Q

What hormone is responsible for the entry of glucose into
the cell?

A

Insulin

43
Q

What electrolye will enter alongside glucose?

A

Potassium

44
Q

➔ What glucose needs is

A

INSULIN

45
Q

Produces 90% of glucose energy used by RBC

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY

46
Q

2 molecules of ATP are consumed
● 4 molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule
of glucose
● Major energy metabolic pathway in the RBC
● 90% of energy in an RBC is obtained from this
pathway
● 4 TOTAL ATP molecules produced; 2 are consumed–
2 net molecules

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOF PATHWAY

47
Q

DIVERSION PATHWAYS

A
  1. Hexose-Monophosphate Pathway
  2. Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
  3. Leubering-Rapoport Pathway
48
Q
A
49
Q

also known as Pentose Phosphate Pathway
● Function ➔ Protects hemoglobin from oxidative
stress by generating NADPH (product)
○ Important for protection of RBC

A
  1. HEXOSE-MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY
50
Q
  • whitening of side effect
  • OFFERS protection against oxidative stresses
  • Since it is a reducing substance ; gives production to
    cells from oxidative stres
A

Glutathione

51
Q

provides the only means of generating
NADPH for glutathione reduction and in its
absence, erythrocytes are particularly vulnerable to
oxidative damage

A

G6PD

52
Q

G6PD can lead to

A

HEINZ BODIES

53
Q

What happens if there is G6PD deficiency?

_____________, ____________, __________are not allowed-some
medications are not allowed as well

A

Soy, peanuts, and tomatoes

54
Q

Appearance: Dots near the periphery on the RBC
○ Normally there should be NOTHING on the
RBC

A

basophilic stipling

55
Q

A BITE CELL - ___________

A

POIKILOCYTE

56
Q

regulation of oxygen release in the tissues
● generation 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

A

LUEBERING-RAPOPORT PATHWAY

57
Q

Where will 2,3-BPG/DPG bind?

A

The attachment of 2,3-DPG is because of a SALT
BRIDGE that forms between the 2 BETA CHAIN

58
Q

occurs when there is decreased oxygen tension into
the tissues → need of oxygen increases

A

Hypoxia

59
Q

Mechanism of hypoxia

● ____________ the level of 2,3-GDP
● _____________ in pH

A

Increase
Decrease

60
Q

The RBC already served its entire lifespan; NORMAL

A

Senescence

61
Q

LIFESPAN OF RBC: ________________

A

90-120 Days

62
Q

What is the normal way of RBC destruction?

______________ by _________________

A

ERYPTOSIS by SPLENIC MACROPHAGE

63
Q

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

Also known as: ____________________
● Organ location: _______________

A

MACROPHAGE MEDIATED
SPLEEN

64
Q

◆ RBCs experience slow movement through
the red pulp of the spleen, which hinders
their circulation.
◆ This sluggish flow causes several problems.

A

➔ Sluggish movementthrough RED PULP

65
Q

◆ As RBCs move slowly, the available glucose
in the surrounding blood is quickly
depleted.
◆ RBCs rely on glucose for glycolysis, which is
essential for their energy production

A

➔ Depletion of Glucose

66
Q

◆ The low pH in the spleen promotes iron
oxidation. Maintaining reduced (ferrous)
iron is an energy-dependent process.
◆ Factors that promote iron oxidation cause
RBCs to expend more energy, accelerating
the catabolism of enzymes.

A

➔ Low pH

67
Q

◆ Due to reduced glucose availability and
sluggish flow, the glycolytic processes
within RBCs deteriorate.
◆ This leads to a reduction in ATP production

A

➔ Deteriorating Glycolysis

68
Q

◆ Several membrane systems within RBCs
rely on ATP. The reduced ATP production
leads to the failure of these systems. For
example, enzymes responsible for
maintaining the location and reduction of
phospholipids in the membrane begin to
fail.

A

➔ ATP-Dependent Systems Fail

69
Q

____________________

◆ ATP-dependent enzymes are responsible
for maintaining a high level of intracellular
potassium while pumping sodium out of the
cells.
◆ When this system fails, intracellular sodium
levels increase, and potassium levels
decrease.
◆ This disrupts the selective permeability of
the RBC membrane, causing water to enter
the cell

A

➔ Ion-Imbalance

70
Q

◆ As a result of the factors mentioned above,
the discoid (biconcave) shape of RBCs is
lost, and the cells become spherical and
rigid

A

➔ Change in RBC Shape

71
Q

◆ RBCs must remain highly flexible to exit the
spleen by squeezing through the narrow
spaces formed by endothelial cells lining the
venous sinuses and the basement
membrane.
◆ Spherical RBCs are unable to squeeze
through these spaces and become trapped
against the endothelial cells and basement
membrane

A

➔ Inability to pass through splenic sieve

72
Q

◆ In this situation, trapped RBCs are readily
ingested by macrophages that patrol along
the sinusoidal lining.
◆ Macrophages recognize the senescent
(aging) RBCs and distinguish them from
younger cells. These older cells are targeted
for ingestion and lysis.

A

Phagocytosis

73
Q

Some researchers view the death of RBCs
in the spleen as a form of apoptosis called
eryptosis, which is precipitated by factors
such as oxidative stress, energy depletion,
and membrane signals that stimulate
phagocytosis.

A

Eryptosis

74
Q

RBCs’ membranes become ___________as they reach senescent.

A

RIGID

75
Q

This signals the _______________________to
ingest the trapped red blood cells, thus
leading to destruction

A

SPLENIC MACROPHAGE

76
Q

– SAFEST way that the hemoglobin
metabolic waste product to be excreted out of the body.
● There is no hemoglobin that is secreted out of the
body. It will have to be processed first

A

BILIRUBIN METABOLISM

77
Q

_____________is a colorless product and will be
further converted into 2

and these two become part of your stool
and urine

A

UROBILINOGEN

Stercobilin
○ Urobilin

78
Q

Responsible in giving the brown
color of stool

A

STERCOBILIN

79
Q

Responsible in giving yellow color of
urine

A

UROBILIN

80
Q

BILIRUBIN 1

A

→ Unconjugated Bilirubin
→ Water Insoluble
→ Non-Polar Bilirubin
→ Indirect Reacting
→ OTHER TERM: Hemobilirubin
→ Free Bilirubin/Slow-reacting
→ Prehepatic bilirubin

81
Q

BILIRUBIN 2

A

→ Conjugated bilirubin
→ Water-soluble
→ Polar bilirubin
→ Direct reacting
→ Cholebilirubin
→ One-minute/Prompt Bilirubin
→ Post hepatic bilirubin

82
Q
A

HEMA LEC 1 (3 decks)

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