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BIOL 1020 > Topic 2: Evolution > Flashcards

Topic 2: Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 2 scales of evolution

A

Microevolution
* Allelic frequency changes over
generations
– Ultimately leads to
macroevolution

** Macroevolution**
* Phenotypic changes over
evolutionary time (millions of years)
* Evidence?

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2
Q

Misunderstanding : Individuals adapt to their environment

A

Individuals do not evolve populations evolve
* Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
* individual’s acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to offspring

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3
Q

Traits that maximize individual survival will be common

A

Behaviors that increase fitness of related individuals may be detrimental to an individual but can be selected for if relatives carry the genes for the behavior

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4
Q

“Humans are the pinnacle of evolution”

A

Evolution hasn’t directed
the production of species
toward some end point

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5
Q

The theory of evolution indicates that “humans evolved
from closely related primates.

A

Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor

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6
Q

The theory of evolution explains the initiation of life on earth

A

The theory of evolution focuses on the
mechanism of natural selection after the
first organism appear

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7
Q

Complex organisms couldn’t have arisen by
chance; they’re too complex”

A

Environmental changes that lead to survival of one type of organism or another at that point in time can happen by “chance”. E.g,, floods, fires

  • Species alive today, result from an evolutionary history of adaptation to environment
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8
Q

There are gaps in the fossil record /missing
links

A

Not all fossils are preserved
* Many species leave no fossils due to environmental
conditions for forming good fossils being uncommon

ex- plants don’t have a skeleton therefore no fossils and we don’t know much abt them

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9
Q

Fitness

A

match to enviroment

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10
Q

allele

A

variation of a gene
code for the same trait but one could be homozygous and one could be hetreozygous

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11
Q

Outline the 4 conditions that made the origin of life possible

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. joining of the small molecules into macromolecules
  3. packaging of molecules into protocells
  4. origin of self replicating molecules
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12
Q

What did Darwin note?

A

current species are descendants of ancestral species

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13
Q

How can evolution be defined by Darwin?

A

descent with modification
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.

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14
Q

What did Lamrack propose?

A

something that was acquired during an organisms life was passed on
NOT TRUE- acquired traits arent’s genetic and can’t be passed on

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15
Q

Describe Darwins main observations and inferences

A

variability and heritability of character traits
overproduction of offpring

  1. competition between offspring
  2. favourable characters amass over time
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16
Q

artificial selection

A

humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits
humans choose which organisms breed and which do not
humans are the selective pressure
more goal oriented
faster
TRAITS MUST BE VARIABLE AND HERITABLE

17
Q

relative fitness

A

contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next gen relative to other individual

18
Q

Which traits lead to relative fitness?

A
  • not having a genetic disease
  • not getting eaten
  • survivng enviromental condition
  • accumulating nutrients
  • attracting mates
  • ability to produce gametes
19
Q

Summarize microevoltion in the peppered moth

A

pre- light selected for
post- black selected for
present- white

20
Q

Homologous structures

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

ex-forelimbs of mammals even though they all have different functions are structurally similar

21
Q

analogous structures

A

similar in function but not from common ancestor
- cant expain evolutionary relationships

22
Q

vestegial homolgies

A

doesn’t serve a purpose

23
Q

compare divergent and convergent evolution

A

Convergent evolution is when two species with different ancestral origins develop similar characteristics, while divergent evolution refers to when two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics.

24
Q

Most atmospheric O2 is…

A

of biological origin

25
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and plastids (chlorplasts) were formerly prokaryotes living within larger host cells

26
Q

endosymbiont

A

cell that lives within a host cell

27
Q

what are lines of evidence of macroevolution

A
  1. fossil record
  2. speciation- occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics.
28
Q

Darwins observations

A
  1. The unity of life
  2. the diversity of life
  3. the match between organisms and their enviroment
29
Q

compare natural selection and artificial selection

A

natural- enviroment provdies the selection pressure not goal orriented takes a long time for pop to adapt to their enviroment and eventually become new species

ndividuals with certain heritable
characteristics survive and
reproduce at a higher rate than
other individuals
* Natural selection increases the
adaptation of organisms to their
environment over time
* If an environment changes over
time, natural selection may result
in adaptation to the new
conditions, which may give rise to
new species

30
Q

List the 4 types of data that document the pattern of evolution

A

– Direct observations (field)
– Homology
– The fossil record
– Biogeography

31
Q

Field Observations

A

Soapberry bugs use their “beak” to feed on
seeds within fruits
* Feeding is most effective when beak length
is closely matched to seed depth within the
fruit
* Southern Florida soapberry bugs feed on balloon vine with larger fruit;
they have longer beaks
* In central Florida they feed on the introduced goldenrain tree with
smaller fruit; they have shorter beaks
* Correlation between fruit size and beak size has also been observed in
Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Australia

In all cases, beak size has evolved
in populations that feed on
introduced plants with fruits that are
smaller or larger than the native
fruits
* These cases are examples of
evolution by natural selection
* In Florida this evolution in beak size
occurred in less than 35 years

32
Q

Evidence of Relationships: Molecular

A
  • DNA sequences
  • RNA sequences
  • Protein sequences
    – Hemoglobin

BIOL 1020 (2 decks)

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