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South Africa > Topic 2 EQ2: Why did SA become a republic in 1961? > Flashcards

Topic 2 EQ2: Why did SA become a republic in 1961? Flashcards

1
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

What was the outcome of the 1958 elections? What percent of parliamentary seats did they have?

A

NP secure majority

66%

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2
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

By 1960s, what was Verwoerd confident enough to announce? What did he see this as an opportunity for?

A

a whites-only referendum

opportunity for:
rallying support beyond normal constituencies that back NP

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3
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

What was Verwoerd’s reasons for calling the referendum? What did he want to be seen as a representative of, and against?

A

determined to stamp his authority within the Party

representative of hardline Transvalers

against the influence of more moderate Cape nationalists

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4
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

Why were moderate Cape nationalists unhappy with Verwoerd?

A

his aggressive:

  • leadership
  • arrogance
  • his refusal to change view on SA as a republic
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5
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

Where else did Verwoerd get his support from?

A

Afrikaner Christian nationalist association, Broederbond

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6
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

Who was now the head of the Borderbond? What was he like

A

Dr. P.J. Meyer (former member of Ossewabrandwag)

he was a Transvaal radical

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7
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

What else was Meyer appointed head of? What did this mean?

A

South African Broadcasting Corporation

nationalists took increasing control of the broadcast media

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8
Q

VERWOERD’S AIMS

How did the government curtail the influence of global news and opinion at height of apartheid?

A

SA was not allowed 1976 because they could not adequately control the output

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9
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

When did Macmillan go on a tour of Africa? What were the 3 purposes of the tour?

A

Feb 1960

  1. confirm Britain’s decision to decolonise more broadly
  2. to celebrate African self-government
  3. strengthen Commonwealth ties
  4. to keep African on side of Western democracies during Cold War
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10
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What were 2 reasons why had Britain decided to decolonise?

A
  1. costs of empire were rising

2. American pressure on Britain to decolonise

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11
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What was the famous phrase from the speech? What was this intended to mean?

A

‘the wind of change is blowing through Africa’

NOT intended to ask for radical change
WAS intended to show the conservative realism that meant the government was pursuing decolonisation

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12
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What was Macmillan trying to steer a careful line between?

A

celebrating 50 years of Union of SA
Responding to Verwoerd’s call for a republic

all whilst not trying to polarise the nation

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13
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What evidence was there that Macmillan seemed to be ‘on side’ of the African nationalists?

A
  • presented African nationalism as natural and indicated that white SAs needed to accept it
  • did not directly say that white SA should give black SAs political rights but did explicitly query ‘some aspects of your policies’
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14
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What did he warn SA against?

A

‘going it alone’

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15
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What did Verwoerd publicly react to Macmillan’s speech? How did Macmillan’s speech affect Verwoerd’s inward views?

A

he emphasised the white determination to stay in power

with Macmillan’s speech and changing face of Africa, it cemented in his head the idea of an ‘internal decolonisation’ policy of SA
e.g. through Bantustan or homeland polic

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16
Q

MACMILLAN’S WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH

What were 2 effects of Macmillan’s speech?

A
  1. SA saw Britain as a reference point

2. media was more attentive, speech was heard more analytically

17
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

What was the outcome of the Oct 1960 whites-only referendum?

A

52% in favour for a republic

18
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

How was the franchise extended?

A
  • voting age lowered to 18 for whites

- extended to whites in South-West Africa

19
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

What was the consensus in the Cape and Transvaal? How about in Natal?

A

Cape/Transvaal: small majorities voted for a republic

Natal: large number of British SAs rejected it (Commonwealth remained a large influence on their identity)

20
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

What was the black reaction to the referendum?

A

rejected it as it did not consult the African majority

21
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

When did SA become a republic? What were the 3 major changes?

A

31 May 1961

  1. ‘state president’ to be ceremonial head of state instead of Queen and GG
  2. new currency Rand replaced British Pound
  3. ‘crown’ was replaced by state, ‘royal was removed’ from organisations and institutions
22
Q

ESTABLISHING THE REPUBLIC, 1960-1

What had a bigger effect on SA: republic or commonwealth?

A

commonwealth

23
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

When and why did Verwoerd go to London after SA became a republic?

A

3 March 1961

to discuss SA becoming a republic while remaining in the commonwealth (like India)

24
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

Who was originally in favour of SA remaining the commonwealth as a republic? Who was against it?

A

Britain, Australia, New Zealand

Asian and African heads of state

25
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

A compromise could’ve been possible, but what did Verwoerd say that was too controversial for this to happen?

A

when asked whether he’d allow diplomatic representation for new independent African states in Pretoria

he was quoted saying that he could not have the capital so crowded with embassies

26
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What changing after Verwoerd’s controversial statement?

A

British and Australians could not advise to keep SA as a republic in Commonwealth

Verwoerd withdrew the application to stay

27
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What were 3 positive impacts of leaving the Commonwealth? What was a negative one?

A
  1. Afrikaner nationalist dream achieved of becoming a state full independent from Britain
  2. more overseas investment
  3. essential gold still supplied by SA to Western powers

negative
3 neighbouring countries were British colonial powers. they were occasional havens for SA political dissidents looking to escape

28
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What are 5 negative impacts on SAs international relations?

A
  1. Britain keep to keep some pressure on SA through international and regional channels
  2. Britain was still colonial power in 3 neighbouring countries (they were occasional havens for SA political dissidents looking to escape)
  3. Britain was also major fleeing destination for those fleeing SA. British AAM become global focus for opposition
  4. Con Party Monday Club established after Macmillans speech, he was seen as undermining commitment to Empire
  5. Sharpeville and Cape Town triggered a brief withdrawal of investment from AS
29
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What were some positive impacts on international relations?

A
  1. Macmillan notes that SA was economically and strategically important for UK
  2. SA emphasised its role as a bastion against communism in Africa. Cuban Missile Crisis ‘62 affirmed white minority rule outweigh the costs
  3. massive investment overseas during 60s
30
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

Was the government more rewarded or punished for leaving Commonwealth and being a republic?

A

more reward

31
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What were the first calls for sanction against SA in 1959?

A

ANC called for sanctions against SA

32
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What 1962 resolution did the UN pass? What was the issue with this?

A

to ban imports and exports to/from SA

voluntary
so Western powers with strong interests in SA did not implement sanctions

33
Q

LEAVING THE COMMONWEALTH

What was the 1963 UN resolution? Why was this more successful than the other resolution?

A

arms embargo against SA

voluntary
but ‘64, Labour under Harold Wilson decided to impose it

South Africa (9 decks)

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