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South Africa > Topic 1 EQ4: How did African nationalism develop, 1948-59? > Flashcards

Topic 1 EQ4: How did African nationalism develop, 1948-59? Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1948? Who was a famous squatter?

A
  • strikes
  • bus boycotts
  • squatter movements
  • street protests
  • mass rallies

a famous squatter was James Mpanza (landlord) nicked named Magebula (‘slicer of land’)

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2
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1949?

A

Durban riots

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3
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1950?

A

opposition to the Suppression of Communism Act

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4
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1952?

A

Defiance Campaign

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5
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1955?

A
  • ‘We Won’t Move’ campaign

- Freedom Charter signed

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6
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1956?

A
  • women teared up pass books

- Treason Trial opposition

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7
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1957? Why did they boycott?

A
  • Alexandra bus boycotts

they boycotted because getting the bus from townships to the cities cut into their meagre wages

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8
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1959?

A

women’s shebeen protest at Cato Manor

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9
Q

POLITICAL OPPOSITION

Why was black opposition divided?

A
  1. there was no single black opposition group
  2. no single ideology
  3. they were divided by geography, race, class and interest
  4. NP had gradually developed strategies to police and restrict protest
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10
Q

POLITICAL OPPOSITION

What was a major reason the political oppposition reached a higher point?

A

the unification of African after the British Empire granted it self-rule, meant that Black Africans were excluded from equal political rights

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11
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the ANC created?

A

1912

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12
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were the 2 great strengths of the ANC?

A
  • organisational continuity

- capacity to attract some of the best-educated of African elite

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13
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What gap, in the 1940s, did the ANC see?

A

more cautious, established professional leadership
vs
new generation of activists

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14
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the ANC Youth League founded?

A

1944

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15
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

Who was it initially led by?

A

Aton Lembede
Oliver Tambo
Walter Sisulu
Nelson Mandela

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16
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What did the ANC YL galvanise the movement into?

A
  • a more radical action

- new mass political action

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17
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were they inspired by?

A
  1. anti-colonial rhetoric

2. new confidence in West Africa

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18
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What prompted the ANC YL to launch a Programme of Action in 1949? What did the programme say?

A

the NP victory in 1948

said:
more confrontational approach to white minority rule
e.g. boycotts, passive resistance, work stoppages

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19
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

How was the ANC YL different to the ANC old guard?

A
  • the programme was an attack on the ANC old guard
  • they called for African consciousness
  • called for unity rather than socialism
  • not motivated by religious ideas
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20
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What ANC leader did they help oust? Who and when did they replace them with?

A

ousted the moderate Dr Xuma

1952 - replaced him with sympathetic Albert Luthuli (Christain Zulu chief)

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21
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the YL’s Programme of Action adopted by the ANC?What move did this signify?

A

Dec 1949

move from concession-seeking a white gov
to
more miltant liberation organisation

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22
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were the 2 different visions of the future within the ANC?

A
  1. Africanism

2. democratic non-racialism

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23
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

Were the majority of the YL’s educated?

A

a small minority had been to uni

but they treasured their philosophy of Africanism more

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24
Q

OTHER ORGS

Why did the Communist Party believe accept the idea of a 2 stage revolution? What even was this?

A

because they knew it would be unlikely to find mass support when racial oppression was too central

2 stage revolution

  1. work with African nationalists to achieve national democratic revolution
  2. social revolution
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25
OTHER ORGS | When did the NP ban the Communist Party?
1950
26
OTHER ORGS | Why was the CP strange?
racially diverse with black and white intellectuals and workers
27
OTHER ORGS | Who was not accepted into the ANC itself?
Whites, Indians and Coloured people
28
OTHER ORGS | Who formed parallel Congress organisations? What alliance did they join from here?
- SA Indian Congress - White and Coloured activists this meant non-Africans became part of Congress Alliance
29
OTHER ORGS | What groups surprisingly emerged as highly critical of apartheid? When did they form a party?
white liberals formed Liberal Party in 1953
30
OTHER ORGS | Did the Liberals work with blacks?
attracted some black support but were suspicious of the ANC and Communists so no.
31
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | What was the strategy?
- to break racially based restricts - to risk arrest e.g. curfews and segregated facilities
32
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | Who was appointed Volunteer-In-Chief? With who else?
Nelson Mandela with Yusuf Cachalia of Indian Congress
33
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | What cities intended to be the heart of the campaign? What actually happened there?
Johannesburg and Durban support was relatively thin
34
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | Where were the most arrests made?
6000/8000 in Eastern Cape (incl. East London)
35
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London How many involved? What was their living situation like?
35,000 African poverty High infant mortality rate e.g. .37% of babies died in 1st year
36
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London After the YL militants found their way to city, the campaign begins with how many people?
1500
37
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What 3 things did local leader Gwentshe speak of?
1. overthrow of white domination 2. total rejection of white rule 3. resulting era of democracy and independence
38
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London In the first full month of defiance (July 1952), what happened at the large meetings?
- ANC dressed distinguishably (black berets, neckerchiefs) | - people willingly arrested to overload courts and make laws less enforceable
39
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What 3 actions did they black Africans take?
1. sat on white-only benches 2. urinated in white only public bathrooms 3. refused to pay fines
40
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London As the protests went on, who started to show up more and more?
youths in the form of some violent street gangs
41
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What split occurred in Oct?
between the 2 local ANC leaders | moderate Gwentshe vs radical Fazzie
42
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London In Nov, what did the Minister of Justice ban?
all public gatherings for a month | they sent armed reinforcements
43
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London After this ban, what did activists in East London do?
go ahead with what they advertised as a religious gathering on 9 Nov
44
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What happened after the 9 Nov gathering?
- police unsuccessful in dispersing them - opened fire and the crowd dispersed - youths formed small groups to stone police and burn buildings
45
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What 2 people were killed by black crowds?
2 white people e.g. Sister Aidan Quinlan's car was alight as she sat inside
46
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London How many deaths and injuries?
7 African deaths | 18 seriously injured
47
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What was the ANC's reaction to the incident?
- disturbed - called the Defence Campaign off nationally as it was no longer dependent on vital tight organisation and non-violent action
48
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN Case Study: East London What was the outcome for the ANC after this reaction?
- membership shot up from 4,000 to 100,000 - attracted a mass following - ANC resisted the Group Areas Act in Sophiatown - attracted support, publicity and moral authority
49
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | What was the implications for the black Africans involved in the campaign?
- some lost their jobs - teachers expelled - 47 members of Congresses involved were convicted
50
DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN | What did the government respond with
- prohibition of meetings of more than 10 Africans - Criminal Laws Amendment Act (heavy penalties for Defiance offences) - extensive use of suppression of communism act
51
ANC AND WOMEN | When was the Women's League incorporating women's organisations into the ANC setup?
1948
52
ANC AND WOMEN | Where were women seen as prominent in political opposition?
grass roots protests of the Defiance Campaign | esp. in Eastern Cape
53
ANC AND WOMEN | After the gov announced they were extending pass laws to women in 1955, what did the women organise?
a delegation to meet Minister of Native Affairs, Verwoerd | but he refused to meet hem as they were a multiracial group
54
ANC AND WOMEN | What happened at the 1956 march?
led by Lilian Ngoyi major protests against passes collected signatures 20,000 marched to Union buildings in Pretoria as Strijdom was not there, they left the petitions at his door
55
ANC AND WOMEN | What did the success of the 1956 marches challenge?
the stereotype that women lack political drive
56
ANC AND WOMEN | Why did the women protest at the Durban shebeens in 1957?
- they were annoyed at being harassed by police - they attacked and burnt 2 beer halls - they were violently attacked by police
57
RURAL RESISTANCE | What are 2 examples of rural resistance?
- alexandra bus boycotts, 1957 | - Sekhukhuneland
58
RURAL RESISTANCE | What was the extended reason the Alexandra bus boycotts start?
Group Areas Act and Native Resettlement Act 1954 both meant that Africans were driven from their homes near city centre (dependent on buses)
59
RURAL RESISTANCE | What was the short term reason the bus boycotts started?
- gov had paid busses to keep fares down (so Africans would not ask for higher wages) - but some companies did put their fares up
60
RURAL RESISTANCE | What happened after the bus boycott was in action?
- police harassed the population - they accused the ANC of intimidating the police - the fare increase was removed
61
RURAL RESISTANCE | What action by the Department of Native Affairs in teh 1950s deeply split the people of Sekhukhuneland?
planned to make Sek into a homeland - tried to appoint tribal authorities to run it
62
RURAL RESISTANCE | Why were the people split about the Department of Native Affairs' action?
- concerned with idea of bantustans - concerned to keep open their access to urban employment - worried gov would appoint chiefs who supported 'betterment' esp. culling of cows
63
RURAL RESISTANCE | What did the people of Sek call their organisation? Did they support the ANC?
Sebatakgomo ANC: yes, to a rural context
64
RURAL RESISTANCE | What happened in Sek authority in 1957?
gov tried to impose Bantu Authorities Act and deposed paramount chief, to people who would cooperate
65
RURAL RESISTANCE | How did the people of Sek view the installation of 'cooperators' to the government? What did they do as a result?
9 were seen as government collaborators they were stabbed, beaten or burned out of their hosues
66
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What did the ANC call for in 1955? What was this called?
a Congress, to bring together all delegates from all groups the ANC had been working with called the Congress Alliance
67
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What groups were included in the Congress Alliance?
``` ANC Whites (Congress of Democrats) SAIC (Indians) CPC (Coloured) SATU (trade unions) ```
68
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | How did the Congress Alliance write the demands of the Freedom Charter?
- sent out 50,000 volunteers into townships and countryside to ask what their 'freedom demands' were (for future)
69
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What did the Freedom Charter essentially call for?
FULLY DEMOCRATIC SA - W/ FAIRER DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND LAND - NON-RACIAL SA
70
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What did the Charter lay an important foundation for?
future political mobilisation
71
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | Where was the Congress of the people held? When was the Charter officially adopted?
Kliptown, Soweto 26 June 1955
72
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What are the 5 R's of significance?
``` Remarkable Resulting in change Revealing Remembered Resonant ```
73
THE FREEDOM CHARTER | What were 5 significant things about the Charter?
1. Congress Alliance multi-racial 2. nearly 3000 delegates attended and 50,000 volutneers 3. Chief Luthuli had signifiacnt views 4. Democrats and Trade Unions represented workers/political views 5. Charter demands remained same until 1994
74
PAC | The PAC was separate from the ANC's views. What 2 ideas did the ANC combine in the 1950s?
Africanist ideas of early Youth League and non-racial approach of the combined Congress Alliance
75
PAC | How did the PAC maintian its distinct political identity?
- published a regular newsletter 'The Africanist' (e.g. idea of 'Africa for the Africans) - significant leaders from teachers e.g. Robert Sobukwe and Potlake Leballo
76
PAC | What are the differing ways the PAC thought form the ANC?
1. thought non-Africanists were gaining too much influence in the Congress movement 2. complete independence implied the return of land to Africans 3. Freedom Charter was too concerned with civil rights for all 4. more explicitly Pan-Africanist ideas 5. more confrontational direct action
77
PAC | What 2 incidents triggered organisational split, that eventually created the PAC, in 1958?
- leaders of provincial ANC in Transvaal re-elected with no debate (due to leaders too busy with Treason Trial to stand) - ANC conference in Johannesburg saw Luthuli compared narrow Africanist nationalism to tribalism e. g. Sokukwe spoke to challenge and the Africanists walked out
78
PAC | What did the Africanists try intially to do before becoming the PAC? When and how did it become the PAC?
tried to form separate provincial organisations within ANC April 1959, held a founding covention for a PAC in Orlando
79
PAC | Within the ANC, why did they feel the PAC had been created? What was the real reason the PAC was created?
- gov want them to organise freely to split nationalist movement - gov also thought that PAC's ideas might be closer to 'separate development' real reason: the PAC was hostile to the division of SA into Bantustans

South Africa (9 decks)

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