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South Africa > Topic 1 EQ4: How did African nationalism develop, 1948-59? > Flashcards

Topic 1 EQ4: How did African nationalism develop, 1948-59? Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1948? Who was a famous squatter?

A
  • strikes
  • bus boycotts
  • squatter movements
  • street protests
  • mass rallies

a famous squatter was James Mpanza (landlord) nicked named Magebula (‘slicer of land’)

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2
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1949?

A

Durban riots

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3
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1950?

A

opposition to the Suppression of Communism Act

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4
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1952?

A

Defiance Campaign

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5
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1955?

A
  • ‘We Won’t Move’ campaign

- Freedom Charter signed

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6
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1956?

A
  • women teared up pass books

- Treason Trial opposition

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7
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1957? Why did they boycott?

A
  • Alexandra bus boycotts

they boycotted because getting the bus from townships to the cities cut into their meagre wages

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8
Q

WHAT POLITICAL OPPOSITION EXISTED

…in 1959?

A

women’s shebeen protest at Cato Manor

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9
Q

POLITICAL OPPOSITION

Why was black opposition divided?

A
  1. there was no single black opposition group
  2. no single ideology
  3. they were divided by geography, race, class and interest
  4. NP had gradually developed strategies to police and restrict protest
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10
Q

POLITICAL OPPOSITION

What was a major reason the political oppposition reached a higher point?

A

the unification of African after the British Empire granted it self-rule, meant that Black Africans were excluded from equal political rights

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11
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the ANC created?

A

1912

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12
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were the 2 great strengths of the ANC?

A
  • organisational continuity

- capacity to attract some of the best-educated of African elite

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13
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What gap, in the 1940s, did the ANC see?

A

more cautious, established professional leadership
vs
new generation of activists

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14
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the ANC Youth League founded?

A

1944

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15
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

Who was it initially led by?

A

Aton Lembede
Oliver Tambo
Walter Sisulu
Nelson Mandela

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16
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What did the ANC YL galvanise the movement into?

A
  • a more radical action

- new mass political action

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17
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were they inspired by?

A
  1. anti-colonial rhetoric

2. new confidence in West Africa

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18
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What prompted the ANC YL to launch a Programme of Action in 1949? What did the programme say?

A

the NP victory in 1948

said:
more confrontational approach to white minority rule
e.g. boycotts, passive resistance, work stoppages

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19
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

How was the ANC YL different to the ANC old guard?

A
  • the programme was an attack on the ANC old guard
  • they called for African consciousness
  • called for unity rather than socialism
  • not motivated by religious ideas
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20
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What ANC leader did they help oust? Who and when did they replace them with?

A

ousted the moderate Dr Xuma

1952 - replaced him with sympathetic Albert Luthuli (Christain Zulu chief)

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21
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

When was the YL’s Programme of Action adopted by the ANC?What move did this signify?

A

Dec 1949

move from concession-seeking a white gov
to
more miltant liberation organisation

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22
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

What were the 2 different visions of the future within the ANC?

A
  1. Africanism

2. democratic non-racialism

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23
Q

REVIVAL OF ANC AND YOUTH LEAGUE

Were the majority of the YL’s educated?

A

a small minority had been to uni

but they treasured their philosophy of Africanism more

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24
Q

OTHER ORGS

Why did the Communist Party believe accept the idea of a 2 stage revolution? What even was this?

A

because they knew it would be unlikely to find mass support when racial oppression was too central

2 stage revolution

  1. work with African nationalists to achieve national democratic revolution
  2. social revolution
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25
Q

OTHER ORGS

When did the NP ban the Communist Party?

A

1950

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26
Q

OTHER ORGS

Why was the CP strange?

A

racially diverse with black and white intellectuals and workers

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27
Q

OTHER ORGS

Who was not accepted into the ANC itself?

A

Whites, Indians and Coloured people

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28
Q

OTHER ORGS

Who formed parallel Congress organisations? What alliance did they join from here?

A
  • SA Indian Congress
  • White and Coloured activists

this meant non-Africans became part of Congress Alliance

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29
Q

OTHER ORGS

What groups surprisingly emerged as highly critical of apartheid? When did they form a party?

A

white liberals

formed Liberal Party in 1953

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30
Q

OTHER ORGS

Did the Liberals work with blacks?

A

attracted some black support

but were suspicious of the ANC and Communists so no.

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31
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

What was the strategy?

A
  • to break racially based restricts
  • to risk arrest

e.g. curfews and segregated facilities

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32
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

Who was appointed Volunteer-In-Chief? With who else?

A

Nelson Mandela

with Yusuf Cachalia of Indian Congress

33
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

What cities intended to be the heart of the campaign? What actually happened there?

A

Johannesburg and Durban

support was relatively thin

34
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

Where were the most arrests made?

A

6000/8000 in Eastern Cape (incl. East London)

35
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
How many involved? What was their living situation like?

A

35,000

African poverty
High infant mortality rate
e.g. .37% of babies died in 1st year

36
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
After the YL militants found their way to city, the campaign begins with how many people?

A

1500

37
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What 3 things did local leader Gwentshe speak of?

A
  1. overthrow of white domination
  2. total rejection of white rule
  3. resulting era of democracy and independence
38
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
In the first full month of defiance (July 1952), what happened at the large meetings?

A
  • ANC dressed distinguishably (black berets, neckerchiefs)

- people willingly arrested to overload courts and make laws less enforceable

39
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What 3 actions did they black Africans take?

A
  1. sat on white-only benches
  2. urinated in white only public bathrooms
  3. refused to pay fines
40
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
As the protests went on, who started to show up more and more?

A

youths in the form of some violent street gangs

41
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What split occurred in Oct?

A

between the 2 local ANC leaders

moderate Gwentshe vs radical Fazzie

42
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
In Nov, what did the Minister of Justice ban?

A

all public gatherings for a month

they sent armed reinforcements

43
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
After this ban, what did activists in East London do?

A

go ahead with what they advertised as a religious gathering on 9 Nov

44
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What happened after the 9 Nov gathering?

A
  • police unsuccessful in dispersing them
  • opened fire and the crowd dispersed
  • youths formed small groups to stone police and burn buildings
45
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What 2 people were killed by black crowds?

A

2 white people

e.g. Sister Aidan Quinlan’s car was alight as she sat inside

46
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
How many deaths and injuries?

A

7 African deaths

18 seriously injured

47
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What was the ANC’s reaction to the incident?

A
  • disturbed
  • called the Defence Campaign off nationally as it was no longer dependent on vital tight organisation and non-violent action
48
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN
Case Study: East London
What was the outcome for the ANC after this reaction?

A
  • membership shot up from 4,000 to 100,000
  • attracted a mass following
  • ANC resisted the Group Areas Act in Sophiatown
  • attracted support, publicity and moral authority
49
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

What was the implications for the black Africans involved in the campaign?

A
  • some lost their jobs
  • teachers expelled
  • 47 members of Congresses involved were convicted
50
Q

DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN

What did the government respond with

A
  • prohibition of meetings of more than 10 Africans
  • Criminal Laws Amendment Act (heavy penalties for Defiance offences)
  • extensive use of suppression of communism act
51
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

When was the Women’s League incorporating women’s organisations into the ANC setup?

A

1948

52
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

Where were women seen as prominent in political opposition?

A

grass roots protests of the Defiance Campaign

esp. in Eastern Cape

53
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

After the gov announced they were extending pass laws to women in 1955, what did the women organise?

A

a delegation to meet Minister of Native Affairs, Verwoerd

but he refused to meet hem as they were a multiracial group

54
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

What happened at the 1956 march?

A

led by Lilian Ngoyi
major protests against passes
collected signatures
20,000 marched to Union buildings in Pretoria

as Strijdom was not there, they left the petitions at his door

55
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

What did the success of the 1956 marches challenge?

A

the stereotype that women lack political drive

56
Q

ANC AND WOMEN

Why did the women protest at the Durban shebeens in 1957?

A
  • they were annoyed at being harassed by police
  • they attacked and burnt 2 beer halls
  • they were violently attacked by police
57
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What are 2 examples of rural resistance?

A
  • alexandra bus boycotts, 1957

- Sekhukhuneland

58
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What was the extended reason the Alexandra bus boycotts start?

A

Group Areas Act and Native Resettlement Act 1954

both meant that Africans were driven from their homes near city centre (dependent on buses)

59
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What was the short term reason the bus boycotts started?

A
  • gov had paid busses to keep fares down (so Africans would not ask for higher wages)
  • but some companies did put their fares up
60
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What happened after the bus boycott was in action?

A
  • police harassed the population
  • they accused the ANC of intimidating the police
  • the fare increase was removed
61
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What action by the Department of Native Affairs in teh 1950s deeply split the people of Sekhukhuneland?

A

planned to make Sek into a homeland

  • tried to appoint tribal authorities to run it
62
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

Why were the people split about the Department of Native Affairs’ action?

A
  • concerned with idea of bantustans
  • concerned to keep open their access to urban employment
  • worried gov would appoint chiefs who supported ‘betterment’ esp. culling of cows
63
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What did the people of Sek call their organisation? Did they support the ANC?

A

Sebatakgomo

ANC: yes, to a rural context

64
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

What happened in Sek authority in 1957?

A

gov tried to impose Bantu Authorities Act and deposed paramount chief, to people who would cooperate

65
Q

RURAL RESISTANCE

How did the people of Sek view the installation of ‘cooperators’ to the government? What did they do as a result?

A

9 were seen as government collaborators

they were stabbed, beaten or burned out of their hosues

66
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What did the ANC call for in 1955? What was this called?

A

a Congress, to bring together all delegates from all groups the ANC had been working with

called the Congress Alliance

67
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What groups were included in the Congress Alliance?

A 
ANC
Whites (Congress of Democrats)
SAIC (Indians)
CPC (Coloured)
SATU (trade unions)
68
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

How did the Congress Alliance write the demands of the Freedom Charter?

A
  • sent out 50,000 volunteers into townships and countryside to ask what their ‘freedom demands’ were (for future)
69
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What did the Freedom Charter essentially call for?

A

FULLY DEMOCRATIC SA

  • W/ FAIRER DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND LAND
  • NON-RACIAL SA
70
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What did the Charter lay an important foundation for?

A

future political mobilisation

71
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

Where was the Congress of the people held? When was the Charter officially adopted?

A

Kliptown, Soweto

26 June 1955

72
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What are the 5 R’s of significance?

A 
Remarkable
Resulting in change
Revealing
Remembered
Resonant
73
Q

THE FREEDOM CHARTER

What were 5 significant things about the Charter?

A
  1. Congress Alliance multi-racial
  2. nearly 3000 delegates attended and 50,000 volutneers
  3. Chief Luthuli had signifiacnt views
  4. Democrats and Trade Unions represented workers/political views
  5. Charter demands remained same until 1994
74
Q

PAC

The PAC was separate from the ANC’s views. What 2 ideas did the ANC combine in the 1950s?

A

Africanist ideas of early Youth League
and
non-racial approach of the combined Congress Alliance

75
Q

PAC

How did the PAC maintian its distinct political identity?

A
  • published a regular newsletter ‘The Africanist’ (e.g. idea of ‘Africa for the Africans)
  • significant leaders from teachers e.g. Robert Sobukwe and Potlake Leballo
76
Q

PAC

What are the differing ways the PAC thought form the ANC?

A
  1. thought non-Africanists were gaining too much influence in the Congress movement
  2. complete independence implied the return of land to Africans
  3. Freedom Charter was too concerned with civil rights for all
  4. more explicitly Pan-Africanist ideas
  5. more confrontational direct action
77
Q

PAC

What 2 incidents triggered organisational split, that eventually created the PAC, in 1958?

A
  • leaders of provincial ANC in Transvaal re-elected with no debate (due to leaders too busy with Treason Trial to stand)
  • ANC conference in Johannesburg saw Luthuli compared narrow Africanist nationalism to tribalism
    e. g. Sokukwe spoke to challenge and the Africanists walked out
78
Q

PAC

What did the Africanists try intially to do before becoming the PAC? When and how did it become the PAC?

A

tried to form separate provincial organisations within ANC

April 1959, held a founding covention for a PAC in Orlando

79
Q

PAC

Within the ANC, why did they feel the PAC had been created? What was the real reason the PAC was created?

A
  • gov want them to organise freely to split nationalist movement
  • gov also thought that PAC’s ideas might be closer to ‘separate development’

real reason: the PAC was hostile to the division of SA into Bantustans

South Africa (9 decks)

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