Topic 2: Development Dynamics Flashcards
What is demography?
Is the study of people/population
What is development?
The economic, social and political progress of a country of people made
For it to be beneficial, it must be sustainable
What is GDP?
Gross domestic product
Is the total value of goods and services, a country produces in a year
What is GDP per capita?
It shows the average wealth per person
What is poverty measure?
The percentage of people in a country living below an internationally, agreed minimum standard
($1.25 a day)
What is Gini coefficient?
Measures how easily shared wealth is in a country
It shows inequality in a score between 0 which is the best and 100 which is the worst
What is access to safe drinking water?
The percentage of population with access to improved water supply within 1 km of their home
What is literacy rate?
The percentage of the population aged over 15, who can read and write a basic sentence
What is human development index (HDI)?
A score between 0-1 that includes a countries, health wealth and education, and can also include life expectancy and literacy rate
A score of 1 is the best
What is corruption perception index?
A measure of the level of government openness
A low score ‘0’ is corrupt and a good score ‘10’ is a honest and open country
What is gender inequality index?
A number that is calculated using data showing the status of women in society
It includes their access to education, jobs and political rights and the higher score of the better
What is inequality measure?
It measures whether income is unequally distributed with a country
A coefficient of 100 would mean that one person had all the money, and he scored 0 means everyone has the same
What is the population structure?
The number of percentage of people in a country in each age group
Also shows the percentage of males /females
What is demographic data?
All data linked to population changes such as birth rate and death rate
What is birth rate?
Number of live births per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is dependency ratio?
Someone who is dependent and age between 0-14, and 65+
What is fertility rate?
Average number of births per woman in her reproductive life
What is infant mortality?
Number of children per thousand live births who die before their 1st birthday
What is life expectancy?
Average number of years, a person can expect to live
What is maternal mortality?
Number of mothers per 100,000 who died in childbirth
Give a example for social, political and economic
Social: healthcare, life expectancy
Political: freedom of speech, government corruption
Economic: average income a year, people in poverty
What is inequality?
Extreme difference between poverty and wealth as well in peoples well-being and access to things like job, housing and education
Name, one social, economic, environmental and political reason why countries like malawi are we not developed as quickly as others
Social: It has a very high fertility rate
Economic: they are in debt
Environmental: there is pollution of land and water
Political: civil unrest
What is a social consequence for developing countries?
775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write and high fertility rate as no contraception
What is a economic consequence for developing countries?
For example, Malawi is one of the 20 poorest countries in the world, and 40% of the countries population population lives less than $1 a day
What is a environmental consequence for developing countries?
For example, 80% of Malawi’s population is dependent on subsistence agriculture and climate change, making the land dryer and poor quality
What is a political consequence for developing countries?
The government can be corrupt, and they have non-democratic governments so less money will be spent on other factors such as education and healthcare
What is Rostows theory?
The country develops in five stages:
1. Traditional society where most people working agriculture.
2. Pre-Take off society where goes from farming to manufacturing, trade increases
3. Takeoff stage where growth is rapid and there is technology.
4. Drive to maturity where it is a period of growth, industries produce consumer goods
5. High mass consumption where it is a period of comfort, and there is a wide range of goods.
What is Frank theory?
There are three parts:
Periphery
Semi-periphery
Core
Where the core is developed countries and these countries, import and export goods and resources
Negatives for Rostows theory?
It is based on developed countries
It is an old theory
There is nothing after high mass consumption
Negative for Frank theory?
His model doesn’t let a country change their level
Poor countries have successfully developed.
What is globalisation?
Is the process in which places become more interconnected, and independent due to an increase in global trade of goods and movement of people and companies
What is a TNC?
Is a transnational corporation that produces and sells products that are located in more than one country
How do TNCs increased globalisation?
Linking together countries through the production and sale of goods
How do government contribute to globalisation?
They can encourage globalisation as they invest in countries to bring jobs, and then increases income
What is an export processing zone?
Specific type of free trade zone and is set up in a developing country to promote industrial and commercial exports
What is top down?
When the money is given to the government, and they give it out to poorest communities and government has control and what it is spent on
What is bottom up?
The money is given to the poorest communities first, and they spend it, and this is usually on small scale project
What is a NGO and what do they do?
Non-government organisation
Operates independently on any government, and they help adjust social or political issues
What is the IGO and what do they do?
Inter government organisation and involve two or more nations and to work in good faith on issues of common interest
Example of a bottom up development
ASTRA biogas aid
Where cow dung is used to get methane to fuel homes it cost $60
Example of top down development
Sardar Sarovar Dam
The damn stores rain for dry seasons, and helps for demand in water as population rises
Name one social political, environmental and cultural/religious part of India
Social: second largest population
Political: part of the UN
Environmental: some of the worlds richest bio diversity with different animals.
Cultural/religious: more than 1500 languages
Name three ways India’s economy has changed since 1990
- It’s main export and imports have gone from coffee and fish to machinery and vehicles
- Some of the countries largest military products will be funded by FDI investments
- Third largest economy, GDP
How has India benefited from TNCs?
Benefited from call centres, software, development, and software administration and this means they’ll be more income and end up helping their economy
An example of this is BT setting up a headquarters in New Delhi
Name, one demographic change due to rapid economic growth in India
Fertility rate have declined rapidly has gone from 5.2 in 1971 to now 2.3
Name, one organisation change due to rapid economic growth in India
The fastest growing state economically is Goa
Name two differences between Maharashtra and Bihar
Maharashtra: high, skilled job such as banking, IT
Average of 104,000 rupees per person
Bihar: no skilled jobs, mainly agriculture
50% of households live in less than 80p a day
Name two human health issues due to economic development and globalisation on India
620,000 people die every year from pollution.
80% of India’s surface water is polluted
What is geopolitical?
It is politics, and especially international relations influenced by geographical factors
What is a superpower?
A country or group that have a dominating power and influence anywhere in the world
One benefit and one challenge of TNCs and international relations
Benefits: poverty levels have fallen from 37% to 22% of 10 years.
Challenges: TNCs have caused environmental issues such as polluting the environment due to the fuel they use
