Topic 2: Development Dynamics Flashcards
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
What are development indicators?
Measures of how a country is improving
What is the economic development indicator?
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
What are the social development indicators?
Literacy rates. Access to safe drinking water.
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year.
What is the Human Development Index?
The United Nations measure of development. It is measured between 0 and 1 using four indicators: Life expectancy, Literacy rates, Average length of schooling, GDP per capita.
What is the problem with measuring development just by economic indicators?
Wealth can be distributed unevenly so is not an accurate reflection of the whole country.
What does the phrase ‘level of development’ mean?
A country’s wealth and its social and political progress
What is demographic data?
All data linked to the population such as birth rate, death rate etc.
What is birth rate?
Number of live births per 1000 people per year.
What is population structure?
The number of each sex in each age group.
What is fertility rate?
The average number of births per woman.
What is infant mortality?
Number of children per 1000 live births who die before their 1st birthday.
What is life expectancy?
Average number of years a person can expect to live.
- What is maternal mortality?
What is maternal mortality?
Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.
What is dependency ration?
The proportion of people below (0-15) and above (over 65) working age added together and divided by the working population (16-64) multiplied by 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.
What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developed country?
Rectangle
What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developing country?
Triangle
What is the North South divide?
The divide between countries in the north being richer countries and countries in the south being poorer
What does HIC stand for?
High Income Country
What does LIC stand for?
Low Income Country
What does MIC stand for?
Middle Income Country
What does NIC stand for?
Newly Industrialised Country
What does RIC stand for?
Recently Industrialising Country
What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?
It’s landlocked. Rural isolation. Changing climate. Increased pollution.
What are the economic and political barriers preventing Malawi from developing?
Terms of trade. Colonisation. Cash crops. Global trade and international relations
What are the 2 theories about development?
Rostow and Frank
What are the 5 stages in Rostow’s theory?
Traditional Society. Pre take off. Take off Drive to maturity. High Mass Consumption
In Frank’s theory, what is the core?
The developed powerful nations of the world e.g. North America and Europe.
In Frank’s theory, what is the periphery?
Areas which produce raw materials to sell to the core
What is globalisation?
The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other.
How has globalisation happened?
Trade. Spread of technology. Flows of investment into other countries. Outsourcing
What is the Clark Fisher model?
A model to explain the changes in employment structures as countries develop their economies?
What are the different types of jobs?
Primary. Secondary. Tertiary. Quaternary.
What are primary jobs
Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmer, fisher, miner etc.
What are secondary jobs?
Making/Manufacturing products.
What are tertiary jobs?
Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare jobs, jobs in education.
What are quaternary jobs?
Specialist researchers, IT consultants.
What type of country is India?
An emerging country.
What is an emerging country?
One with high-medium human development and recent economic growth.
Why can’t India trade northwards?
The Himalayas make it difficult.
What does TNC stand for?
Transnational corporation.
What does FDI stand for?
Foreign Direct Investment.
What is Foreign Direct Investment?
The investment of money/trade/organisations from one country to another.
What is outsourcing?
Where a company moves services overseas because labour is cheaper.
What type of outsourcing has happened in India?
Call centres, software development, company administration e.g. accounting.
- Why did BT locate in India?
High percentage of English speaking population, cheaper labour, reduced taxes.
What is rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to the city.
What are the impacts of development in India?
Urban expansion (construction of new apartments). Women marrying later due to developing their careers therefore birth and fertility rates fall. Change in the population structure.
What is the multiplier effect?
The positive upward spiral of an effect.
What are the environmental impacts of India’s growth?
Water pollution. Air pollution. Loss of biodiversity.
What are top down projects?
Development projects organised by the government on a large scale.
Give an example of a top down development project in India
The Narmada River Scheme.
Why was the Narmada River Scheme introduced?
To store water so farmers can water their land. Provide drinking water. Provide electricity for cities and industries.
Who benefits from the Narmada River Scheme?
India’s cities – provides 3.5 billion tonnes of water and hydroelectric power. Farmers – will be able to water their crops.
Who loses because of the Narmada River Scheme?
Local residents – 234 villages have been flooded. Local farmers – farmland has been flooded to create the dam. Western India – religious and historic sites have been flooded.
What is bottom up development?
Small scale projects where experts work with small communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and allow people to control their lives.
Who runs bottom up development projects?
Non-Governmental Organisations such as charities.
Give an example of a bottom up project in India
Biogas development.
Describe the biogas development project in India.
Rural communities use cow dung to create gas called biogas which they then use to cook with.
