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Geoghraphy > Topic 2: Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Topic 2: Development Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What does HDI stand for?

A

Human Development Index

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2
Q

What are development indicators?

A

Measures of how a country is improving

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3
Q

What is the economic development indicator?

A

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

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4
Q

What are the social development indicators?

A

Literacy rates. Access to safe drinking water.

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5
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

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6
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

The United Nations measure of development. It is measured between 0 and 1 using four indicators: Life expectancy, Literacy rates, Average length of schooling, GDP per capita.

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7
Q

What is the problem with measuring development just by economic indicators?

A

Wealth can be distributed unevenly so is not an accurate reflection of the whole country.

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8
Q

What does the phrase ‘level of development’ mean?

A

A country’s wealth and its social and political progress

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9
Q

What is demographic data?

A

All data linked to the population such as birth rate, death rate etc.

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10
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 people per year.

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11
Q

What is population structure?

A

The number of each sex in each age group.

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12
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of births per woman.

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13
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Number of children per 1000 live births who die before their 1st birthday.

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14
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average number of years a person can expect to live.

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15
Q
  1. What is maternal mortality?
A
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16
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.

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17
Q

What is dependency ration?

A

The proportion of people below (0-15) and above (over 65) working age added together and divided by the working population (16-64) multiplied by 100. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent.

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18
Q

What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developed country?

A

Rectangle

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19
Q

What is the typical shape of a population pyramid for a developing country?

A

Triangle

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20
Q

What is the North South divide?

A

The divide between countries in the north being richer countries and countries in the south being poorer

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21
Q

What does HIC stand for?

A

High Income Country

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22
Q

What does LIC stand for?

A

Low Income Country

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23
Q

What does MIC stand for?

A

Middle Income Country

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24
Q

What does NIC stand for?

A

Newly Industrialised Country

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25
Q

What does RIC stand for?

A

Recently Industrialising Country

26
Q

What are the physical and environmental barriers preventing Malawi from developing?

A

It’s landlocked. Rural isolation. Changing climate. Increased pollution.

27
Q

What are the economic and political barriers preventing Malawi from developing?

A

Terms of trade. Colonisation. Cash crops. Global trade and international relations

28
Q

What are the 2 theories about development?

A

Rostow and Frank

29
Q

What are the 5 stages in Rostow’s theory?

A

Traditional Society. Pre take off. Take off Drive to maturity. High Mass Consumption

30
Q

In Frank’s theory, what is the core?

A

The developed powerful nations of the world e.g. North America and Europe.

31
Q

In Frank’s theory, what is the periphery?

A

Areas which produce raw materials to sell to the core

32
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other.

33
Q

How has globalisation happened?

A

Trade. Spread of technology. Flows of investment into other countries. Outsourcing

34
Q

What is the Clark Fisher model?

A

A model to explain the changes in employment structures as countries develop their economies?

35
Q

What are the different types of jobs?

A

Primary. Secondary. Tertiary. Quaternary.

36
Q

What are primary jobs

A

Jobs involving collecting resources from the natural environment e.g. farmer, fisher, miner etc.

37
Q

What are secondary jobs?

A

Making/Manufacturing products.

38
Q

What are tertiary jobs?

A

Jobs which provide a service to others e.g. healthcare jobs, jobs in education.

39
Q

What are quaternary jobs?

A

Specialist researchers, IT consultants.

40
Q

What type of country is India?

A

An emerging country.

41
Q

What is an emerging country?

A

One with high-medium human development and recent economic growth.

42
Q

Why can’t India trade northwards?

A

The Himalayas make it difficult.

43
Q

What does TNC stand for?

A

Transnational corporation.

44
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign Direct Investment.

45
Q

What is Foreign Direct Investment?

A

The investment of money/trade/organisations from one country to another.

46
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Where a company moves services overseas because labour is cheaper.

47
Q

What type of outsourcing has happened in India?

A

Call centres, software development, company administration e.g. accounting.

48
Q
  1. Why did BT locate in India?
A

High percentage of English speaking population, cheaper labour, reduced taxes.

49
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the city.

50
Q

What are the impacts of development in India?

A

Urban expansion (construction of new apartments). Women marrying later due to developing their careers therefore birth and fertility rates fall. Change in the population structure.

51
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The positive upward spiral of an effect.

52
Q

What are the environmental impacts of India’s growth?

A

Water pollution. Air pollution. Loss of biodiversity.

53
Q

What are top down projects?

A

Development projects organised by the government on a large scale.

54
Q

Give an example of a top down development project in India

A

The Narmada River Scheme.

55
Q

Why was the Narmada River Scheme introduced?

A

To store water so farmers can water their land. Provide drinking water. Provide electricity for cities and industries.

56
Q

Who benefits from the Narmada River Scheme?

A

India’s cities – provides 3.5 billion tonnes of water and hydroelectric power. Farmers – will be able to water their crops.

57
Q

Who loses because of the Narmada River Scheme?

A

Local residents – 234 villages have been flooded. Local farmers – farmland has been flooded to create the dam. Western India – religious and historic sites have been flooded.

58
Q

What is bottom up development?

A

Small scale projects where experts work with small communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and allow people to control their lives.

59
Q

Who runs bottom up development projects?

A

Non-Governmental Organisations such as charities.

60
Q

Give an example of a bottom up project in India

A

Biogas development.

61
Q

Describe the biogas development project in India.

A

Rural communities use cow dung to create gas called biogas which they then use to cook with.

Geoghraphy (2 decks)

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