Topic 2: Central Dogma

Question 1

DNA –> RNA –> Ribosome

Answer 1

DNA Polymarese: Replication (DNA –> DNA)
RNA Polymerase: Transcription (DNA –> RNA)
Ribosome: Translation (RNA –> Protein)

Question 1

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 1

1. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
2. DNA has a nucleotide T, RNA has a nucleotide U.
3. DNA is stable because has one job, RNA has numerous jobs.
4. DNA is deoxyribose because has H in nucleotide structure, RNA is ribose because of OH in nucleotide structure.

Question 2

Rosalina Franklin Study

Answer 2

Got a pure sample of DNA and got a perfect crystallization. Was able to identify a double helix (double strand)

Question 2

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 2

% of nucleotides.
C & G are common
A & T are common

Question 3

How does DNA replication work?

Answer 3

Semi-Conservative Model: The parents are separated and with that template, make a new molecule with the daughter strand.

Question 4

Rules for making DNA & RNA

Answer 4

1. Double stranded is always antiparallel
2. Only add nucleotide to 3’ end
3. RNa polymerase can make strand from scratch, DNA can’t

Question 5

Eukaryotic Gene Structure

Answer 5

1. DNA transcription: DNA happens once, transcription happens all the time
2. Enhancer/Silencer: In the DNA. Essential for the DNA to work. Not transcribed after polymerase. Increase, decrease translation
   Enhancer = Activator
   Silencer = Repressor
3. Promoter: Binding. Start of Transcription
4. 5’ UTR/3’ UTR: Untranslated Region. Doesn’t give directions, but essential for the ribosome to stay put until further notice
5. Exon/Intron: Slicing. Stops Intron from blocking protein sequence.

Question 6

Transcription

Answer 6

Transcription and DNA are antiparallel. RNA Polymerase is starts from the promoter.
1. Initiation: RNA is transcribed
2. Elongation: RNA opens DNA
3. Termination: Complete RNA transcript (downstream)

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

Swapping T –> U
mRNA always starts at 5’

Question 8

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Answer 8

1. Prokaryotic: Doesn’t have a nucleus so DNA is not in cytoplasm. Eukaryotic: Has nucleus so DN-A in cytoplasm,
2. Prokaryotic: Translation and transcription happen together
   Eukaryotic: Transcription and translation happen separately. Translation can’t happen until mRNA is exported into the cytoplasm
3. Prokaryotic: Polysome formation on RNA strands being transcribed from a DNA template
   Eukaryotic: Polysome formation on a eukaryotic mRNA transcript (arrow indicates 5’-end of transcript)
4. Prokaryotic: Found in bacteria
   Eukaryotic: Found in plants, animals, fungi