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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells and Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA found

A

In nuclei as chromosomes - coiled up.

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2
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase - majority of time

Mitosis - where the cell divides

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Using mitosis to reproduce

eg. Strawberry plants produce runners

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4
Q

Interphase

A

DNA spread out in long strings, Then it is Duplicated and forms X-Shaped chromosomes - each arm is the copy of the other. Extra sub cellular structures : mitochondria and ribosomes.

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5
Q

Order of the cell cycle

A

I PMAT C

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6
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense - shorter and fatter. Nucleus membrane breaks down releasing chromosomes to the cytoplasm. Centrioles form and move to poles.

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

Centrioles produce spindle fibres and attach to centromere. Chromosomes line up at the equator.

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres condense pulling chromatids from certromeres to opposite poles of the cell.

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9
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membranes form around each set, the nuclei of the 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane separate

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11
Q

Mitosis produces

A

2 identical diploid cells

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12
Q

Calculate number of cells

A

2^n

n= divisions

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13
Q

What growth involves

A

Cell division, differentiation, elongation (plants)

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14
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Cell becomes specialised (stem cells)

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15
Q

Cell Division

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Cell Elongation

A

Plant cell expands.

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17
Q

Growth in animals

A

Growth when young until full growth. Cell division is for repair. Cell differentiation is mostly lost.

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18
Q

Growth in plants

A

Height is due to cell elongation. Cell division takes place in roots and shoots (meristem). Plants continue to grow.

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19
Q

Cancer

A

Rate of cell division is controlled by genes. A mutation alters these genes resulting in uncontrolled cell division resulting in the formation of tumours (mass of abnormal cells). The tumour invades and destroys surrounding tissue this is called cancer.

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20
Q

Percentile charts

A

Asses a child’s growth. Can identify obesity, malnutrition or dwarfism. Uses Length, Mass and Head circumference. They are plotted. If a child is an outlier to the correlation eg. 0.4th and 99.6 percentile doctors will investigate

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21
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Can differentiate into any cell

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22
Q

Where are stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Used for repair as it has only a limited selection

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24
Q

Meristems

A

Found roots and shoots, produce a unspecialised cells that are able to divide (mitosis) and form any cell type (eg. Xylem and phloem). Live as long as plant does.

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25
Q

Stem cells and medicine

A

Already used to treat some diseases eg. Sickle cell anaemia by a bone marrow transplant.
Research is happening with embryonic stem cells as they can be simulated to produce any specialised cell although has ethical issues.
They may be able used for replacing damaged cells by disease or injury.

26
Q

Risks of stem cell medicine

A

Tumour development - if rate is not controlled a tumour may develop.
Disease transmission- viruses within cells and could be passed on to the patient making the problem worse
Rejection- if not grown using the patients stem cells. Foreign antigens may trigger an immune response. Drugs can be taken to suppress but the drugs increase susceptibility to diseases.

27
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System, brain and spinal cord

28
Q

Spinal cord

A

Long column of nerurones from the base of the brain. It relays information between the brain and the rest of the body where it branches off.

29
Q

Brain

A

Billions of interconnected neutrons, different parts serve different functions.

30
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain. Divided into 2 hemispheres. Right side controls the left side of the body vice-versa.

Responsible for: Movement, Intelligence, memory, language, vision.

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of the brain,

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance.

32
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Responsible for unconscious activities:

Breathing and heart rate

33
Q

CT scan

A

X-Rays produce an image
Shows main structures but not functions although this can be worked out using the patients symptoms and the damaged/diseased area.

34
Q

PET scan

A

Use radioactive tracers which show how active parts of the brain are.
Can show a very detailed model of both structure and function in real time.
Can identify areas with unusual activity,

35
Q

Issues with treating the CNS

Eg. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

A

Hard to repair - neurones don’t readily repair themselves and no way have been developed to do so.
Accessibility- it may not be possible to surgically remove.
Permanent damage - attempts may result in further damage.

36
Q

Synapses

A

Connection between two neurones, transferred by diffusion of neurotransmitters. A new signal is created on the next neurone. Slowest point.

37
Q

Examples of stimuli

A

Touch (pressure), temperature, light

38
Q

Purpose of CNS

A

Coordinates a response. Travel along CNS by relay neurones.

39
Q

Example of response

A

Muscle contract, gland secretes a hormone

40
Q

Cell body

A

Contain nucleus and cytoplasm

41
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Acts as an electrical insulator speeding up electrical impulse.

42
Q

Long neurones

A

Speeds up signal as a reduce in synapses.

43
Q

Sensory Neurone

A

Long dendron carries impulse from receptors to the cell body. It is then sent in an axon to the CNS

44
Q

Motor Neurone

A

Short dendrites carry impulses from CNS to Cell Body. It is then sent through a long Axon to effector cells.

45
Q

Relay Neurones

A

Short dendrites carry impulse to cell body. An axon will take it to motor neurones.

46
Q

Reflex arc

A

SRSSRSMER

47
Q

Why reflexes prevent injury

A

Reaction time is reduced as it does not cross the brain for thinking time.

48
Q

How reflexs helps protect the eye

A

1) A bright light could damage the eye.
2) Light Receptors detect this stimuli and send it through a sensory Neurone to the brain.
3) A relay Neurone carries it to a motor neurone which tells the circular muscles in the eye to contract - reducing the size of the pupil reducing light intake.

49
Q

Cornea

A

Bends light into the eye

First part

50
Q

Iris

A

(Coloured part) Controls how much light enters the pupil

51
Q

Lens

A

Refracts light to focus on retina

52
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive. Covered in cone and rod receptors

53
Q

Rod receptors

A

Can’t detect colour but sensitive in dim light

54
Q

Cons receptors

A

Sensitive to different colours but poor in dim light

55
Q

How does the eye change focus

A

The lens is elastic so ciliary muscle ligaments can change its shape

56
Q

Distant objects

A

‘Ciliary muscles’ relax allowing the ‘suspensory ligaments’ to pull tight.
It is now less rounded so refracts Less.

57
Q

Close objects

A

‘Ciliary muscle’ contracts which slackens the ‘suspensory ligaments’ making the lens more rounded so it refracts more,

58
Q

Long-sightedness

A

Lens is wrong shape so the light focuses behind the retina.

Can be fixed with ‘convex lens’

59
Q

Short-sightedness

A

Lens is wrong shape so light is refracted too much causing the light to focus before the retina.
Fixed using concave lens.

60
Q

Colourblindness

A

Can’t tell the difference between certain colours. Eg. Most common is red-green - caused when red or green cone cells are not working properly.

61
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy patch on lens preventing light to enter eye normally. Causing blurred vision or less vivid and difficulty seeing in bright light. Treated by replacing faulty lens with artificial lens

Biology (8 decks)

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