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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Equation to calculate total magnification

A

Total magnification = eyepiece mag x objective lens mag

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2
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = image size
—————
real size

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3
Q

Test for lipids

A

Emulsion test (shake with iodine), precipitate forms

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4
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine turns black from orange

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5
Q

Sugars

A

Benedictus solution, heated, forms coloured precipitate

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6
Q

Test for proteins

A

Biuret test:
Add potassium hydroxide (Alkaline)
Add copper(II)Sulfate (Blue)
If protein is present it goes purple.

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7
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Biological catalysts. Used to break down large molecules (eg. Protein). Some join molecules (eg. Glycogen synthase)

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8
Q

Effect of increasing heat with enzymes

A

Rate of traction will steadily increase until it reaches its optimum temperature. If exceeded enzymes with de-nature, substrate will not fit into enzymes.

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9
Q

Effect of increasing concentration of substrate on enzyme

A

Steadily increase until it plateaus where all active sites are occupied.

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10
Q

Effect on changing PH with enzymes

A

Have an optimum PH. By increasing or decreasing the rate of reaction will decrease

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11
Q

Name 3 structures of a bacteria cell

A

Flagellum, chromosomal DNA, Plasmid DNA

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12
Q

Explain Diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration (Along concentration gradient).

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13
Q

Explain osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane(prevents larger molecules passing). From a region of high concentration to low

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14
Q

Explain Active Transport

A

Movement of particles across a membrane against the concentration gradient (low ➡️ high). Requires energy

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15
Q

Role of Mitrochondria

A

Where reaction for respiration takes place.

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon + Water
Dioxide

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16
Q

Role of Ribosomes

A

Used in translation of genetic material in protein synthesis.

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17
Q

How do plants grow

A

Cell elongation

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18
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrollable cell division

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19
Q

Stem cells

A

Differentiate into different cells which are required.

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20
Q

Meristems

A

Produce undifferentiated cells, which can differentiate into any cell in the whole plant.

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21
Q

Stem cells in medicine

A

Adult stem cells are used to cure some diseases.

Embryonic stem cells could be used as they have a larger selection to differentiate into, however this brings ethical issues.

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22
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system coordinates a response to a stimulus.

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23
Q

Reaction time

A

Time taken to respond to stimulus

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24
Q

3 types of neurones

A

Sensory, motor, relay

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25
Q

Function of sensory neurone

A

carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

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26
Q

Motor neurone function

A

Carry signals from the CNS to the effector (organ effected by stimuli eg. Muscle)

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27
Q

Relay neurone function

A

carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.

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28
Q

Synapse and how it works

A

Gap between neurones, chemicals are released called neurotransmitter. They diffuse across the synapse. A new electrical signal is created at the next neurone

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29
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid response to stimuli. The reflex ark takes the impulse to the spinal cord (instead of brain to save time) and back to effector.

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30
Q

What does sexual reproduction produce

A

Genetically different cells

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31
Q

DNA structure

A

Double-helix

Sugar-phosphate backbone and base make up a nucleotide which are bonded together with weak hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

Extraction of DNA

A

Mash up fruit.
Add detergent (break down membrane) and salt (causes DNA to stick together).
Filter insoluble bits of cell out.
Add ice-cold ethanol, causing DNA to precipitate.

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33
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene, you have 2 alleles of each gene in the body.

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34
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles you have

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35
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristic presented from gene.

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36
Q

What determines gender

A

There are 2 chromosomes :

If your 23rd pair is XX or XY.

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37
Q

What causes variation

A

Mutations (base sequence changes)

Genotype of alleles.

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38
Q

Human genome project

A

Collected over 20,000 genomes
Can help predict diseases.
Testing and treatment for inherited disorder
New and better medicines

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39
Q

Drawbacks of human genome project

A

May cause stress if someone is susceptible
Gene-ism - may be under pressure to not have children
Discrimination of employers and life insurance

40
Q

Natural selection

A

“Survival of the fittest”

Those who are more adapted for the environment survive or compete, and reproduce more passing on the good genes.

41
Q

Proof of evolution

A

Bacteria resistance to antibiotic. Those who posses the gene survive and others die leading to the population containing only resistant bacteria

42
Q

Identify human ancestors

A

Brain volume, how it walks

43
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes(bacteria), Protista(euk)

44
Q

3 domain

A

Archaea- look similar to bacteria but isn’t

Bacteria- True bacteria

Eukarya- broad range of organisms (kingdoms excluding prokaryotes)

45
Q

Selective breeding

A

Choose organisms with desired traits, reproduce them

46
Q

Disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Reduces gene pool, because only the “best” organisms are reproduced.

47
Q

Genetic engineering process

A

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a certain point, leaving sticky ends.
Ligase enzymes join DNA together at sticky ends.
2 different bits of DNA are together making it recombinant DNA

48
Q

Vector

A

Carrier

49
Q

Health

A

“A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, with absence of disease and infirmity” (WHO)

50
Q

Communicable

A

Spread between individuals

51
Q

Non-communicable

A

Caused by lifestyle factors

52
Q

Cholera

A

BACTERIA- Vibrio Cholorae
SYMPTOMS- Diarrhoea
TRANSMISSION- waterborne
PREVENTION- Sanitation

53
Q

Tuberculosis

A

PATHOGEN- Bacteria
SYMPTOMS- cough, lung damage
TRANSMISSION- airborne
PREVENTION- avoid crowds

54
Q

Malaria

A

PATHOGEN- Protist
SYMPTOMS- damaged blood cells
TRANSMISSION- mosquitos (vector)
PREVENTION- nets, repellent

55
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

PATHOGEN- Bacteria
SYMPTOMS- stomach pain
TRANSMISSION- Oral transmission (swallowing water or food)
PREVENTION- sanitation

56
Q

Ebola

A

PATHOGEN- Virus
SYMPTOMS- fever with bleeding
TRANSMISSION- bodily fluids
PREVENTION- quarantine

57
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

PATHOGEN- Fungi
SYMPTOMS- leaf loss
TRANSMISSION- airborne (wind)
PREVENTION- removal

58
Q

Chlamydia

A

Bacterium (behaves like virus)
Result in infertility
Use of condom

59
Q

HIV

A 
Human Immunodeficiency virus- 
Kills WBC 
Leads to AIDS
Spread through bodily fluids
Vulnerable to secondary infection
60
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin, mucus, hairs in nose

61
Q

B-lymphocyte

A

Produces antibodies for the specific antigen

62
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Stomach acid, lysozyme (eyes)

63
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Organism which can’t make it’ own food, relies on organic substances

64
Q

Autotrophic

A

Produces it’s own food (plants)

65
Q

Saprophytic

A

Live off dead organisms

66
Q

Homozygous

A

The same allele, either dominant or recessive.

67
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different allele

68
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A

Is able to produce a specific anti-body, which remains in the body for a long time

69
Q

Stages of development for a drug

A

Preclinical and clinical

70
Q

Pre clinical

A

Tested on human cells and tissue.

Then it tested on live animals

71
Q

Clinical testing

A

Healthy human volunteers.
Optimum dosage found.
Double blind testing

72
Q

BMI

A

Weight

Height^2

73
Q

Waist-hip-ratio

A

Waist

Hip

74
Q

What is a disease related to heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular disease

75
Q

Cholesterol

A

Fatty substance used to make cell membrane. But can deposit and restrict blood flow in arteries, where damage has been caused (hypertension)

76
Q

What can blood clots result in

A

Heart attack, Stroke

77
Q

Treat CVD

A

Lifestyle change, drugs, surgery

78
Q

Surgical procedures against CVD

A

stents, heart transplant, bypass

79
Q

Drugs against CVD

A

Anti-hypertension, statin, anti-coagulant.

80
Q

Light intensity

A

1

Distance^2

81
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from plants

82
Q

Auxin

A

Control growth of shoots and roots
Promotes growth in shoot
Inhibits growth in root

83
Q

Shoots : phototropism and gravitrophic

A

Positive, towards light

Negative, away from gravity

84
Q

Roots: phototropism, gravitropic

A

Negative, away from light

Positive, towards gravity

85
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers in the blood

86
Q

Where are hormones secreted

A

Endocrine glands

87
Q

Neurone vs hormonal

A

Fast vs slow
Short time vs long
Precise vs General

88
Q

What treat infertility

A

Clomifene therapy induces ovulation (FSH + LH)

IVF

89
Q

Type 1

A

Pancreas not producing enough insulin

90
Q

Type 2

A

Resistance to insulin

91
Q

Obese

A

+30BMI

92
Q

Phagocytes

A

Engulf pathogen

93
Q

Artery

A

Small lumen, large elastic walls

94
Q

Capillaries

A

1 cell thick

95
Q

Vein

A

Large lumen, thin wall

96
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate * stroke volume

Biology (8 decks)

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