Topic 2 : Cells and Control Flashcards
What happens during interphase in the cell cycle?
The cell grows, and DNA is copied in preparation for mitosis.
What occurs during prophase in mitosis?
Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
What happens during metaphase in mitosis?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What occurs during anaphase?
Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
What happens during telophase?
New nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes.
What is cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm divides, forming two identical cells.
Why is mitosis important?
It allows for growth, repair of tissues, and asexual reproduction.
What does mitosis produce?
Two genetically identical diploid cells, with the same chromosomes as the parent cell.
What is cancer caused by?
Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in DNA.
How do animals grow?
Through cell division and then cell differentiation into specialised cells.
How do plants grow?
Through cell division, elongation (cells get longer), and differentiation.
Why is cell differentiation important?
It allows cells to become specialised to perform specific functions.
How are percentile charts used in growth monitoring?
They show how a child’s measurements compare to others of the same age.
What are embryonic stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell.
Where are adult stem cells found, and what can they do?
Found in bone marrow; they can become a limited range of cells.
What are meristems in plants?
Areas of unspecialised cells that allow for plant growth and development.
What are the benefits of using stem cells in medicine?
They can treat diseases like diabetes or repair damaged tissues.
What are risks of using stem cells?
Possible rejection, risk of cancer, and ethical issues.
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Controls balance and coordinated movement.
What is the function of the cerebral hemispheres?
Controls memory, language, and conscious thought.
What does the medulla oblongata do?
Controls involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate.
How do CT and PET scans help study the brain?
They provide images of brain structure (CT) and activity (PET) without surgery.
Why is it hard to treat brain and spinal injuries?
The nervous system is delicate, and damage is often permanent or hard to access.
What is the function of sensory receptors?
Detect stimuli like light, sound, or pressure and send signals to the nervous system.
