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biology gcse > topic 2 - cells and control > Flashcards

topic 2 - cells and control Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cell division results in new body cells being produced?

A

mitosis

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2
Q

what does diploid mean?

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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3
Q

give 3 reasons why mitosis is important

A

growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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4
Q

how many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells

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5
Q

what are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

P - prophase
M - metaphase
A - anaphase
T - telophase

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6
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

long continuous thread of DNA - consists of numerous genes

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7
Q

female chromosomes

A

XX

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8
Q

male chromosomes

A

XY

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9
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. growth
  2. copies dna
  3. growth
  4. mitosis
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10
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

DNA replicates, cell organelles duplicate

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11
Q

what is interphase?

A

phase of cell cycle before mitosis

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12
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear

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13
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the MIDDLE of the cell
spindle fibres attach to centromere (begin to grow)
centrioles move to opposite ends of pole

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14
Q

what is anaphase?

A

spindle fibres pull each chromatid to opposite side of the cell (uses energy)
-> called chromosomes again once reach opposite side

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15
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

nuclear membrane reforms to form 2 daughter cells
chromosomes condense
spindle fibres fall apart

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16
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm divides
cell surface membrane separates to form 2 new cells

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17
Q

what is cancer a result of?

A

changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled cell division forming a tumour

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18
Q

what is a plant meristem?

A

region of cells capable of cell division found in roots and shoots

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19
Q

why do animals cells differentiate and become specialised?

A

so they can adapt to carry out specific roles

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20
Q

what is a percentile chart?

A

measure of weight and height to compare people to and see averages

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21
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

undifferentiated cell that can keep dividing to form more stem cells, or differentiate

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22
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

stem cells from embryos that can differentiate into any specialised cell

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23
Q

how are red blood cells specialised?

A

-contain haemoglobin to bind to oxygen
-no nucleus - room for haemoglobin
-large surface area - carry more oxygen
-concave shape

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24
Q

where are stem cells found?

A

early human embryos or bone marrow

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25
what are the 2 types of stem cells?
embryonic and adult stem cells
26
what are some benefits of stem cells?
largely successful
27
what are some problems with stem cells?
-could divide too rapidly and cause a tumour -disease transmission rejection by recipient's immune system
28
define growth
increase in size as a result of the size/number of cells
29
how does growth occur in animals?
cell division and differentiation
30
how does growth occur in plants?
cell division, differentiation, and elongation
31
what does it mean if a child is on the 75th percentile for height?
75% of children (of same age) are shorter
32
what is the function of the nervous system?
allow communication between parts of the body
33
what are the 2 organs in the central nervous system (CNS)?
brain and spinal cord
34
what are the 3 main regions of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
35
what is the role of the cerebrum?
language, movement, memory and vision
36
what is the role of the cerebellum?
at the back and is responsible for muscle contraction and balance
37
what is the role of the medulla oblongata?
base of brain, responsible for reflex/ unconscious actions
38
what type of brain scan uses X-rays and produces an image of brain structure?
CT scans
39
what type of brain scan uses radioactive chemicals and produces an image of brain activity?
PET scan
40
why is it hard to treat problems in the CNS (such as brain/spinal injures)? (3)
1. neurones don't repair themselves 2. parts of CNS hard to access 3. could result in permanent damage like paralysis
41
what is a stimulus?
change in the environment
42
what are some examples of stimuli?
light, sound, touch, temperature, chemicals
43
what is a neurone?
1 nerve cell
44
what is a nerve?
bundles of neurones
45
what is the role of a receptor?
to detect a stimulus
46
what is a motor neurone?
neurones that carry information from the CNS to the effectors
47
what is a sensory neurone?
neurones that carry information from the receptors to relay neurones in the CNS
48
what is a relay neurone?
neurones that carry impulses from the sensory to the motor neurones
49
what feature allows impulses to be transmitted fast?
- long axon - sensory neurones = myelin sheath
50
what is the function of a myelin sheath?
allows nerve transmission to travel faster - produced by Schwann cells
51
what is a neurotransmitter?
substance which transmits impulse from 1 neurone to another
52
what is the axon?
main long fibre of the neurone
53
what are dendrites?
extensions which extend out from the cell body to connect to other neurons - forms easy network of communication
54
describe a synapse
gap/space between axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another - where neurotransmitters (chemicals) pass nerve impulse from 1 neurone to the other
55
what is a stimulus?
change in environment that body reacts to
56
describe the path of the reflex arc using parts of the CNS
STIMULUS > receptor cells > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > RESPONSE
57
what is a reflect response?
response that doesn't require thought
58
what is a dorsal root ganglion?
cell bodies of sensory neurones
59
how do neurotransmitters move?
by diffusion
60
describe how an impulse is passed across a synapse?
1. impulse arrives at presynaptic neurone 2. vesicles move toward - and fuse with - presynaptic membrane -> releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft 3. neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft 4. nt attach to receptors on postsynaptic membrane 5. triggers impulse (travels along postsynaptic neurone) 6. nt recycled or destroyed once impulse is sent
61
what is a reflex arc?
pathway of a reflex response
62
what type of receptor is the eye?
a sensory receptor
63
what is the function of the cornea?
to refract light and bring them together in the eye (front of eye)
64
what is the function of the iris?
controls amount of light entering the eye (is a muscle)
65
what is the function of the lens?
focuses light rays on the retina
66
what are the 2 types of light receptor cells in the retina?
rods and cones
67
what are rods?
receptor cells that detect light
68
what are cones?
receptor cells that detect colour
69
what is the ciliary muscle?
muscle that controls shape of lens
70
what is the sclera?
tough wall supporting eye
71
what is the retina?
light sensitive inner surface of eye - contains receptors and layers of neurones
72
what is the fovea?
part of retina with high density of cones
73
what is the optic nerve?
carry impulses from receptors on retina to the brain
74
what is the aqueous humour?
clear fluid filling space in front of eye between lens and cornea
75
what is the vitreous humour?
transparent jellylike tissue filling eyeball
76
in dim light...
circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract
77
in bright light...
circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax
78
when object is close to eye...
ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments loosen, lens becomes fatter, light refracted more
79
when object is far from the eye...
ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments tighten, lens becomes thinner, light refracted less
80
what is myopia?
near sightedness - lens is curved more than normal. focal point falls in front of retina
81
how can myopia be treated?
concave contact lens, laser eye surgery
82
what is hyperopia?
long-sightedness - lens not curved enough, focal point falls behind retina
83
how can hyperopia be treated?
convex lens
84
what is colour blindness?
poor or lack of function in 1 or more colour cone
85
what is cataracts?
clouding of lens of the eye due to build up of proteins
86
how can cataracts be treated?
replacing faulty lens with an artificial one

biology gcse (6 decks)

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