Topic 2: Cells Flashcards
What 2 things do Eukaryotic cells have
Distinct nucleus
Possess membrane-bound organelles
Cellulose cell walls
All the ultrastructure of a eukaryotic animal cell
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Cell surface membrane
Lysozymes
Cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Function of the nucleus and diameter (animal cell)
Controls the cells activities through the production of mRNA and tRNA in proteinsynthesis
Contains genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
10-20 micrometers
Nuclear envelope function (animal cell)
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus
Outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticula of the cell, and will often have 5% on the surface
Controls the entry and exit of materials
Contains the reaction is taking place within it
Nuclear pores functions (animal cell)
Allows passage of large molecules, such as messenger RNA out of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm define ( animal cell)
Granular, jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
Nucleolus (animal cell)
Small spherical region within the nucleoplasm
Maybe multiple in the nucleus
Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes
Chromosome (animal cell)
Consists of protein-bound linear DNA
Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes
Mitochondrion length and function (animal cell)
Site of aerobic respiration
Responsible for the production of the energy carrier molecules of ATP
1 to 10 micro meters
Double membrane -controls the entry and exit of material
Inner membrane is folded to form extensions called Cristae
Cristae provides large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins required In respiration.
Matrix contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, and DNA controls the production of some of the mitochondrion proteins location of many enzymes involved in respiration
Golgi apparatus define (animal cell)
Similar structure to smooth endoplasmic reticulum, but more compact
Stacks of membranes that make up flatten sacs called cisternae, with small, rounded, hollow structures called vesicles
Proteins and lipids produced in endoplasmic reticulum a pass to the Golgi apparatus, where it modifies the proteins by adding non-protein components such as carbohydrates
Labels, then allowing them to be actually sorted and sent to the correct destination
The modified proteins and lipids are then transported to Golgi vesicles. Which are regularly pinched off at the end of the Golgi.Cisternae. These vesicles move to the cell surface fuse with the membrane and release the content outside the cell.
Functions
Add carbohydrates or proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes
Secrete carbohydrates, such as those that make up cell walls in plants
Transport, modify, store lipids
Form lysozymes
Lysozymes formation and functions (animal cell)
Formed when vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus contain enzymes
Isolate enzymes from the rest of the cell before releasing them outside the cell or into phagocytic vesicles within the cell
Functions
Hydrolyse material, ingested by phagocytic cells
Release enzymes outside the cell (exocytosis) to material around the cell
Digest, worn out organelles chemicals can be reused
Completely breakdown cells after they die (autolysis)
All organelles of a plant cell
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis
Golgi apparatus and vesicles
Cellulose cell walls
Cell surface membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
Nucleus and nucleolus
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Permanent vacuole
Parts of the chloroplasts in a plant cell
Chloroplast envelop - double plasma membrane, highly selective in what enters and leaves, immer and outer membrane with inter membrane space
Grana (granum) - stacks of thylakoids, location of first stage of photosynthesis - absorbs light
Thylakoids - contain photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll). Some have tubular extensions (lamella) which join with adjacent grana.
Stroma - fluid filled matrix within it are other structures such as starch grains. Locations of the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars)
Adaptions of chloroplasts
Grana membranes - large surface area for chlorophyll attachment, electron carriers and enzymes for photosynthesis
Fluid in the stroma - possess all the enzymes to make sugars for the second stage of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts have dna and ribosomes -
