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biology 1 > Topic 2- Cell structure > Flashcards

Topic 2- Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells have other organelles besides the nucleus, which allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions than prokaryotic cells can.

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3
Q

What three things do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Cellulose cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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4
Q

What are the two key differences between plant and fungal cells?

A

Their cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose and they don’t have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesise

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5
Q

What are the chloroplasts like in algal cells?

A

What are the chloroplasts like in algal cells?

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6
Q

Which organelles have a double membrane?

A

Nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria

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7
Q

Description of cell surface membrane

A

Membrane found on the surface of animal cells and below the cell wall of other cells. Made mainly of phospholipids and protein

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8
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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9
Q

Description of nucleus

A

Large organelle surounded by double membrane which contains pores. Contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli

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10
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA and contains instructions to make proteins. It also contains a nucleolus which makes ribosomes

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11
Q

Description of mitochondria

A

Oval shaped with a double membrane - the inner one is folded to form cristae. Inside is the matrix which contains enzymes controlling respiration

inner membrane is where oxidative phosphorylation occurs

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12
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic respiration and responsible for producing most of the ATP in a cell. Active cells which require a lot of energy will have many of these

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13
Q

Description of chloroplasts

A

Found in plant and algal cells. Surrounded by a double membrane, with thylakoid membranes inside the organelle. Thylakoid membranes stack up into grana, joined by lamellae

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14
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

The site where photosynthesis takes place. Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, others in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chloroplasts)

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15
Q

Description of golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the end of sacs

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16
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

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17
Q

Description of golgi vesicles

A

Small fluid-filled sac produced by the golgi apparatus

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18
Q

Function of golgi vesicles

A

Stores and transports lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus either within the cell or out of the cell

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19
Q

Description of lysosomes

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. It’s a type of golgi vesicle

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20
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Contain digestive hydrolytic enzymes called lysozymes. Can be used to digest invading cells or break down and work out components of the cell

21
Q

Description of ribosomes

A

Small organelle found attatched to rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm. Made from proteins and RNA, doesn’t have a membrane

22
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

The site where proteins are made

23
Q

Description of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. The surface is covered in ribosomes

24
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

25
Q

Description of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes

26
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

27
Q

Description of cell wall

A

Surrounds plant, algal and fungal cells. Made from cellulose in plants and algae, and chitin in fungi

28
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape

29
Q

Description of vacuole

A

Organelle in cytoplasm, contains cells sap. Surrounded by a membrane called a tonoplast

30
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps it rigid, preventing wilting. Also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals

31
Q

Prokaryotes definition

A

Single celled organisms

32
Q

Difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller and simpler, has no nucleus

33
Q

Capsule

A

Made of secreted slime and helps to protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

34
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotes

A

Made of murein (a glycoprotein), this supports the cell and prevents it from changing shape

35
Q

Cell surface membrane in prokaryotes

A

Like in a eukaryotic cell, this is made out of mainly lipids and proteins and it controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

36
Q

What three things do many prokaryotic cells have that eukaryotic cells do not?

A

One or more plasmids, a capsule surrounding the cell, one or more flagella

37
Q

Plasmids definition

A

Small loops of DNA that aren’t part of the main circular DNA molecule which contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance, and can be passed between prokaryotes

38
Q

DNA of a prokaryotic cell

A

No nucleus, instead they have a single circular DNA molecule that is free in the cytoplasm and is not associated with proteins

39
Q

Process by which bacteria replicate

A

Binary fission

40
Q

Stages of binary fission

A
  1. Circular DNA and plasmids replicate.

DNA loop only replicated once, but plasmids can be replicated lots of times.

  1. Cell gets bigger and the DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell.
  2. Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell wall begins to form
  3. Cytoplasm divides and two new cells are produced

each daughter cell has a variable number of copies of the plasmids and one copy of the circular DNA

41
Q

What does each daughter cell from binary fission contain?

A

One copy of the circular DNA but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmids

42
Q

Host cells

A

Cells in other organisms that viruses invade and reproduce inside of

43
Q

Three main things to bacteria have that viruses don’t

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes

44
Q

Structure of virus

A

genetic material, capsid and attachment protein

45
Q

Why do viruses not undergo cell division?

A

Because they are acellular and non-living

46
Q

Viral replication

A

They attach to the host cell surface using their attachment proteins to bind to complimentary receptor proteins. They then inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell which uses its own ‘machinery’ to replicate the virus particles.

47
Q

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A

Antibiotics work by destroying bacterial cell membranes and bacterial replication, but viruses are acellular and do not have cell membranes, so antibiotics are ineffective

48
Q
A

biology 1 (11 decks)

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