Topic 2 cell organisation Flashcards
multicellular organisms eg: humans
lots of organ systems like nervous, reproductive and digestive system make up a multicellular organism
tissues
where lots of similar cells re grouped together to do a function like in a human muscular tissue tissues are formed
organs
where tissues for m together to make an organ eg stomach is made of muscular, glandular and epithelial tissues
organ system
when lots of organs group together to form a system and do a certain set of jobs like the digestive system
muscular tissue (in a stomach)
contracts and moves whatever it is attached such as stomach wall and this churns the food down
glandular tissue (in a stomach)
makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones and creates digestive juices to break the food down
epithelial tissue (in a stomach)
covers the inside and out so that the organ does not get damaged
enzymes
catalysts produced by living things
catalyst
a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
digestive enzymes
break down big molecules such as starch, protein and fats
carbohydrases
convert carbohydrates into simple sugars
proteases
convert proteins into amino acids
lipases
convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
bile
neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies the fats
the breakdown of food is catalysed by
enzymes
salivary glands
produce amylase, enzymes in the saliva
liver
where bile is produced and bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies the fat
stomach
pummels the food with the muscular walls also produces protease, enzyme and pepsin thirdly produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and to create the right ph for the enzymes to work
pancreas
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes and releases these in the small intestines
gall bladder
where the bile is stored before it released to the small intestines
large intestines
where excess water is absorbed from the food
small intestines
produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes it realeses these into the small intestine
rectum
where the faeces are stored before they are removed through your anus
thorax
the upper part of your body separates the lower part by the diaphragm
alveoli
where the gas exchange takes place
bronchi
transports oxygen to the lungs
circulatory system
transports food and oxygen to every cell in the body
double circulatory system
two circuits joined to together the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the organs so they can function
the heart’s pacemaker
heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium these produce an electrical impulse cause in the heart to contract
arteries
carry the blood away from the heart, the walls are strong and elastic because the blood is being pumped out at high pressure and has a small lumen(the middle of the arterie)
capillaries
involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues arteries branch into capillaries has a thin wall which is only one cell thick and have a small lumen the walls are permeable so things can diffuse in and out
veins
carry blood to the heart, capillaries join up to form veins the walls are not as thick as the arteries as the pressure is much lower and also has a larger lumen so the blood can flow easier and has valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction
red blood cells
carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells, large surface area to carry lots of oxygen around the body
white blood cells
defend against infections, produce antibodies to fight microorganisms and have a nucleus
platelets
help clot the blood small fragments of cells and have no nucleus clot a wound to stop you losing too much blood
plasma
this liquid carries everything in your blood red, white cells platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide from the organs, urea from the kidneys, hormones, proteins and antibodies and antitoxins produced by white blood cells
stents
a metal mesh that keeps arteries open so that the blood can flow around the body easier
statins
reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood
artificial heart
can pump blood around the body if the person’s heart has failed and need a new one
faulty heart valves
the valves in a heart which have been damaged by old age, infections or heart attacks and can be replaced by biological or mechanical valves
artificial blood
is a substitute for blood and is a salt solution called saline and keep the oxygen getting top your organs so you can still function
communicable diseases
disease which can that can be spread from person to person
non-communicable diseases
a disease which can’t be spread from one person to another
risk factors
things which increase your chance of getting a disease from your lifestyle and it depends on what you do also some risk factors can directly cause a disease like smoking or alcohol abuse
cancer
caused by the uncontrolled growth and division of cells
benign
when a tumour grows until there is no more room the tumour also stays in one place and isn’t normally dangerous
malignant
where a tumour spreads to nearby tissues and infecting healthy tissues cells can also break off and spread into the blood stream and can create secondary tumours elsewhere in the body
risk factors of lifestyle
smoking is linked to lung cancer, obesity is linked to many cancers such as bowel, liver and kidney cancer, UV exposure people exposed to the UV rays of the sun are more likely to get skin cancer or viral infections which can increase the chance of certain cancers and hepatitis b and c caused by having unprotected sex and sharing needles
risk factors with genetics
some genes can be inherited ehich are susepitable to cancer
