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Biology > Topic 2 cell organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 cell organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

multicellular organisms eg: humans

A

lots of organ systems like nervous, reproductive and digestive system make up a multicellular organism

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2
Q

tissues

A

where lots of similar cells re grouped together to do a function like in a human muscular tissue tissues are formed

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3
Q

organs

A

where tissues for m together to make an organ eg stomach is made of muscular, glandular and epithelial tissues

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4
Q

organ system

A

when lots of organs group together to form a system and do a certain set of jobs like the digestive system

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5
Q

muscular tissue (in a stomach)

A

contracts and moves whatever it is attached such as stomach wall and this churns the food down

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6
Q

glandular tissue (in a stomach)

A

makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones and creates digestive juices to break the food down

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7
Q

epithelial tissue (in a stomach)

A

covers the inside and out so that the organ does not get damaged

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8
Q

enzymes

A

catalysts produced by living things

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9
Q

catalyst

A

a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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10
Q

digestive enzymes

A

break down big molecules such as starch, protein and fats

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11
Q

carbohydrases

A

convert carbohydrates into simple sugars

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12
Q

proteases

A

convert proteins into amino acids

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13
Q

lipases

A

convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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14
Q

bile

A

neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies the fats

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15
Q

the breakdown of food is catalysed by

A

enzymes

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16
Q

salivary glands

A

produce amylase, enzymes in the saliva

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17
Q

liver

A

where bile is produced and bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies the fat

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18
Q

stomach

A

pummels the food with the muscular walls also produces protease, enzyme and pepsin thirdly produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and to create the right ph for the enzymes to work

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19
Q

pancreas

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes and releases these in the small intestines

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20
Q

gall bladder

A

where the bile is stored before it released to the small intestines

21
Q

large intestines

A

where excess water is absorbed from the food

22
Q

small intestines

A

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes it realeses these into the small intestine

23
Q

rectum

A

where the faeces are stored before they are removed through your anus

24
Q

thorax

A

the upper part of your body separates the lower part by the diaphragm

25
Q

alveoli

A

where the gas exchange takes place

26
Q

bronchi

A

transports oxygen to the lungs

27
Q

circulatory system

A

transports food and oxygen to every cell in the body

28
Q

double circulatory system

A

two circuits joined to together the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the organs so they can function

29
Q

the heart’s pacemaker

A

heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium these produce an electrical impulse cause in the heart to contract

30
Q

arteries

A

carry the blood away from the heart, the walls are strong and elastic because the blood is being pumped out at high pressure and has a small lumen(the middle of the arterie)

31
Q

capillaries

A

involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues arteries branch into capillaries has a thin wall which is only one cell thick and have a small lumen the walls are permeable so things can diffuse in and out

32
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart, capillaries join up to form veins the walls are not as thick as the arteries as the pressure is much lower and also has a larger lumen so the blood can flow easier and has valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

33
Q

red blood cells

A

carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells, large surface area to carry lots of oxygen around the body

34
Q

white blood cells

A

defend against infections, produce antibodies to fight microorganisms and have a nucleus

35
Q

platelets

A

help clot the blood small fragments of cells and have no nucleus clot a wound to stop you losing too much blood

36
Q

plasma

A

this liquid carries everything in your blood red, white cells platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, carbon dioxide from the organs, urea from the kidneys, hormones, proteins and antibodies and antitoxins produced by white blood cells

37
Q

stents

A

a metal mesh that keeps arteries open so that the blood can flow around the body easier

38
Q

statins

A

reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood

39
Q

artificial heart

A

can pump blood around the body if the person’s heart has failed and need a new one

40
Q

faulty heart valves

A

the valves in a heart which have been damaged by old age, infections or heart attacks and can be replaced by biological or mechanical valves

41
Q

artificial blood

A

is a substitute for blood and is a salt solution called saline and keep the oxygen getting top your organs so you can still function

42
Q

communicable diseases

A

disease which can that can be spread from person to person

43
Q

non-communicable diseases

A

a disease which can’t be spread from one person to another

44
Q

risk factors

A

things which increase your chance of getting a disease from your lifestyle and it depends on what you do also some risk factors can directly cause a disease like smoking or alcohol abuse

45
Q

cancer

A

caused by the uncontrolled growth and division of cells

46
Q

benign

A

when a tumour grows until there is no more room the tumour also stays in one place and isn’t normally dangerous

47
Q

malignant

A

where a tumour spreads to nearby tissues and infecting healthy tissues cells can also break off and spread into the blood stream and can create secondary tumours elsewhere in the body

48
Q

risk factors of lifestyle

A

smoking is linked to lung cancer, obesity is linked to many cancers such as bowel, liver and kidney cancer, UV exposure people exposed to the UV rays of the sun are more likely to get skin cancer or viral infections which can increase the chance of certain cancers and hepatitis b and c caused by having unprotected sex and sharing needles

49
Q

risk factors with genetics

A

some genes can be inherited ehich are susepitable to cancer

Biology (7 decks)

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