Topic 2: Bonding, Structure, and the Properties of Matter

Question 1

*Coarse particles:

Answer 1

Coarse particles (PM10) have diameters between 1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m. They are often referred to as dust.

Question 2

Conductor:

Answer 2

A material which contains charged particles which are free to move to carry electrical or thermal energy.

Question 3

Covalent bond:

Answer 3

A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals.

Question 4

Diamond:

Answer 4

A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form four covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms.

Question 5

Electrostatic forces:

Answer 5

The strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 6

Empirical formula:

Answer 6

The smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

Question 7

*Fine particles:

Answer 7

Fine particles (PM2.5) have diameters between 100 and 2500 nm (1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m).

Question 8

Fullerenes:

Answer 8

Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes. The structures are based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms, but they may also contain rings with five or seven carbon atoms.

Question 9

Gas:

Answer 9

The state of matter where the particles have the most energy. The particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions.

Question 10

Graphene:

Answer 10

A single layer of graphite with properties that make it useful in electronics and composites.

Question 11

Graphite:

Answer 11

A giant covalent structure which is made up of carbon atoms each of which form three covalent bonds with three other carbon atoms, forming layers of hexagonal rings which have no covalent bonds between the layers.

Question 12

Ion:

Answer 12

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

Question 13

Ionic bond:

Answer 13

A metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion. An ionic bond is formed between the oppositely charged ions.

Question 14

Ionic compound:

Answer 14

Chemical compound formed of ions, held together by strong electrostatic forces.

Question 15

Intermolecular forces:

Answer 15

The forces which exist between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular forces impacts physical properties like boiling/melting point.

Question 16

Lattice:

Answer 16

A repeating regular arrangement of atoms/ions/molecules. This arrangement occurs in crystal structures.

Question 17

Liquid:

Answer 17

The state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together and can move past each other.

Question 18

Metallic bond:

Answer 18

The bonds present in metals between the positive metal ions and negatively charged electrons.

Question 19

Metals:

Answer 19

Elements that react to form positive ions. Found to the left and towards the bottom of the periodic table.

Question 20

Molecular formula:

Answer 20

The actual ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

Question 21

*Nanoparticles:

Answer 21

Nanoparticles have diameters between 1 nm to 100 nm in size. Nanoparticles can exhibit properties different to those for the same material in bulk.

Question 22

*Nanoscience:

Answer 22

Nanoscience refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size, of the order of a few hundred atoms.

Question 23

Non-metals:

Answer 23

Elements that react to form negative ions. Found towards the right and top of the periodic table.

Question 24

Particle theory:

Answer 24

The theory which models the three states of matter by representing the particles as small solid spheres. Particle theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing.

Question 25

Polymers:

Answer 25

Large long-chain molecules made up of lots of small monomers joined together by covalent bonds.

Question 26

Repeat unit:

Answer 26

The part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain.

Question 27

Solid:

Answer 27

The state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least amount of energy.

Question 28

State symbols:

Answer 28

The symbols used in chemical equations to denote the states of the chemicals reacting: (s) - solid, (l) - liquid, (g) - gas, (aq) - aqueous solution.