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Dynamic Science > Topic 2 - Body Balance > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Body Balance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body’s ability to regulate and maintain a stable condition inside your body, regardless of changes to the external environment.

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system do? (3)

A
  • growth and development
  • how your body uses energy
  • appetite
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3
Q

What does the endocrine gland secrete?

A
  • chemical messengers called hormones
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4
Q

What is a hormone?

A

chemical messages that are secreted from glands into the blood and affect cells in another part of the body

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5
Q

What controls the release of hormones? eg

A

external stimuli
- light
- sound
- temp
internal stimuli
- blood pressure
- body temp

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6
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A
  • receives signals from brain
  • master gland that signals other glands
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7
Q

What are the hormones of the pituitary gland?

A
  • growth hormones
  • ADH (water balance)
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8
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland?

A
  • regulates metabolism and energy balance
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9
Q

What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

A
  • thyroxine (regulates body energy usage)
  • calcitonin (regulates calcium and phosphate in blood)
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10
Q

What is the role of the adrenal gland?

A
  • release hormones that help body deal with stress
  • increase heart rate and blood pressue in times of fright
  • increase amount of energy avaliable to muscles
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11
Q

What are the hormones of the adrenal gland?

A
  • cortisiol (increases mental stimulation, breaks down fat and protein to glucose)
  • adrenaline (stimulates heart rate, increases blood pressure, dilates pupils)
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12
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreas?

A
  • insulin (causes cells to take up glucose from blood)
  • glucagon (causes the release of glucose from muscles and liver when blood glucose levels drop)
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13
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A
  • regulates blood sugar levels in blood
  • hormones act on liver and muscles cells
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14
Q

What is the role of the ovary?

A
  • normal reproductive development and fertility
  • release hormones that control menstrual cycle
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15
Q

What are the hormones of the ovary?

A
  • oestrogen (acts of breast tissue, development of female sexual characteristics)
  • progesterone (acts on ovary, control menstruation in women, plays a role in pregnancy)
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16
Q

What is the role of the testes?

A
  • making testosterone
  • producing sperm
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17
Q

What are the hormones of the testes?

A
  • testosterone (development of male sexual characteristics)
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18
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A
  • control sleeping and waking patterns
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19
Q

What are the hormones of the pineal gland?

A
  • melatonin (levels are controlled by our body clock, production is reduced by being in bright light)
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20
Q

What are some conditions in the body that need to keep constant?

A
  • body temp at 37˚C
  • amount of water inside our body
  • blood sugar levels
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21
Q

What is the stimulus response model?

A

SRCERN
Stimulus
Receptor
Control centre
Effector
Response
Negative Feedback

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22
Q

What is the stimulus? eg

A

body temp is too low

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23
Q

What is the control centre? eg

A

hypothalamus sends message to muscles and blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the effector? eg

A

muscles start to shiver and blood vessles constrict to reduce heat loss

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25
Q

What is the response? eg

A

Body temp returns to normal

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26
Q

What is the negative feedback? eg

A

Message sent to brain to get effectors to stop

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27
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is a response triggered by changed conditions and serves to reverse the change

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28
Q

What are the steps for blood glucose regulation?

A
  1. TOO low glucose in blood
  2. pancreas produces glucagon entering blood
  3. insulin doesn’t allow glucose to be absorbed by body cells
  4. blood glucose INCREASED
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29
Q

What is the problems in diabetes type 1?

A
  • pancreas does not produce insulin
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30
Q

What is the problem in diabetes type 2?

A
  • pancreas cells do not respond properly
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31
Q

What is a positive feedback loop? eg

A

aims to increase effects of a stimulus
eg
- childbirth
- blood clotting

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32
Q

How do hormones know which cells are their target cells?

A

This is because the target cells have a special corresponding receptor that recognise the hormones. (like a key and lock)

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33
Q

Why is the pituitary gland known as the master gland?

A

It controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands.

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34
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • a strand or molecule of DNA
35
Q

What are genes?

A
  • segment of DNA
36
Q

What are genes made of?

A

genes are sequences of DNA

37
Q

What do genes code for?

A

specific proteins which code for traits

38
Q

What is the difference between a gene and a genome?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA, where as a genome is an organisms full set of DNA containing lots of genes

39
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

DNA contains the instructions for making proteins which code for specific traits

40
Q

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

hydrogen bonds

41
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

the basic building block of nucleic acids containing 3 components

42
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A
  • phosphate
  • nitrogenous base
  • deoxyribose sugar
43
Q

What are the rules for base pairing?

A

adenine & thymine
cytosine & guanine

44
Q

What is the main function of RNA?

A
  • single stranded molecule
  • function to direct the production of proteins
45
Q

What are some similarities between DNA and RNA?

A
  • both code for traits
46
Q

What are some differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • number of strands (DNA =2, RNA =1)
  • sugar (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose)
  • base paring (DNA =AT, CG, RNA = AU, CG)
47
Q

What are proteins and what is their function ?

A
  • code for traits for organisms
48
Q

What are proteins?

A

A molecule made up of amino acids.

49
Q

What are the steps required to produce a protein from DNA?

A

transcription
translation

50
Q

What occurs in transcription?

A

DNA -> mRNA

51
Q

What happens in translation?

A

mRNA -> RNA (protein)

52
Q

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

53
Q

What occurs in interphase?

A

growth, copies DNA and carries out normal functions

54
Q

What occurs in mitosis?

A

division of nucleus

55
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis?

A

division of 2 nucleui and cell contents (cytoplasm) into 2 daughter cells

56
Q

What are the 3 phases in interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

57
Q

What is G1 and what happens?

A

Growth 1
- growth of cell size
- makes proteins

58
Q

What is S and what happens?

A

DNA synthesis
- chromosomes are doubled
- each stand doubled is identical called a sister chromatid
- held together of centromeres

59
Q

What is G2 and what happens?

A

Growth 2
- growth in sizez
- makes organelles (ribosomes, and mitochondria)

60
Q

What proportion of the cell cycle of mitosis?

A

10%

61
Q

What are the differences between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

A

Cytokinesis in animal
- cleavage furrow pinches down the middle to split to 2 daughter cells
- flexible membrane allows this
Cytokinesis in plant
- cell plate growth and divides cell in 2
- cell plate thickens to a cell wall

62
Q

How is the cell cycle regulated to deal with problems?

A

There are 3 checkpoints in the cycle which prevent the division if -
- there are not enough nutrients
- nucleus not been replicated
- cell is damaged

G1/S
G2/M
M (metaphase)

63
Q

How do mutations result in a lack of control of the cell cycle?

A

The mutations result in an out-of-control cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell division, or not enough cell division

64
Q

When does DNA replication occur in cells?

A

DNA synthesis phase of interphase

65
Q

Why does DNA replication occur in cells?

A

DNA has to be copied before a cell divides as new cells will need identical DNA to their parent cells

66
Q

What are the 2 enzymes involved in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase
DNA polymerase

67
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase?

A

DNA unzips, hydrogen bonds are broken. In 2 single strands

68
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

A

Builds new DNA strands that match the parents strands using free nucleotides

69
Q

What does semi-conservative mean?

A

each newly made DNA molecule has one original (conserving) and one new strand of DNA from its parent mole

70
Q

What is the name of the original strands of DNA?

A
71
Q

What is the name of the new strands?

A
72
Q

What is produced at the end of the process of DNA replication?

A

proteins!

73
Q

What happens if errors occur in the process?

A
74
Q

What types of cells undergo mitosis?

A

somatic

75
Q

What types of cells DON’T undergo mitosis?

A

sex cells

76
Q

Why do cells need to divide/reproduce?

A

for growth and repair

77
Q

What are the 4 phases of mitosis?

A

PMAT
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

78
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A
  • DNA coils and becomes visible
  • nuclear membrane breaks down
  • spindle forms
79
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up along the cells equator (middle)
80
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres
81
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • nuclear mebrane re-forms
  • cell plate/clevage furrow forms
82
Q

Describe the cells produced through mitosis.

A

2 identical daughter cells are produced during mitosis

83
Q

What happens if cells undergo too much mitosis?

A

There will be rapid uncontrolled cell division which can often lead to cancer.

Dynamic Science (3 decks)

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