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Psychology > Topic 2 - Approaches > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology ?

A

The scientific study of the human mind and behaviour

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2
Q

What is a science ?

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation.

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3
Q

What is introspection?

A

The process of observing and examining your own conscious thoughts or emotions. (Looking into)

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4
Q

What is empiricism?

A

All the knowledge of reality is gained from sensory experience.

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5
Q

What is inference?

A

Going beyond the immediate evidence to make assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed.

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6
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together- an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and a neutral stimulus (NS). The neutral stimulus produces the same response as the UCS, now as a CR.

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7
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Anything in the environment that causes a response.

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8
Q

What is a response?

A

Behaviour triggered by a stimulus in the environment.

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9
Q

What is operational conditioning?

A

Learning by consequence. Behaviour is acquired and maintained by its consequences (positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment).

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10
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood that a behaviour is repeated.

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11
Q

What is punishment?

A

An unpleasant consequence that will result in the behaviour being less likely to be repeated

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12
Q

What is imitation?

A

Copying the behaviour of others.

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13
Q

What is a role model?

A

A person seen to posses similar characteristics to the observer and are admired for their achievement and have a high status.

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14
Q

What is identification?

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model.

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15
Q

What are mediations processes (ARMM) ?

A

These are cognitive processes that occur between a stimulus (role model’s behaviour) and a response (imitation). Attention, Retention, Motivation, Motor Reproduction.

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16
Q

What is direct reinforcement?

A

An individual’s behaviour is they are rewarded directly and are therefore more likely to repeat the behaviour.

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17
Q

What is vicarious/indirect reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement that occurs through observing someone else being rewarded for their behaviour. They are more likely to be motivated to imitate that behaviour.

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18
Q

What is a schema?

A

A mental structure which contains knowledge based on experience. This organises information and acts as a guide to behaviour.

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19
Q

What is a theoretical model?

A

A simplified and objective representation of how our minds might work.

20
Q

What is an information processing computer model?

A

The mind is compared to a computer, suggesting there are similarities in the way information is processed and stored.

21
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of brain structures, mechanisms, and chemistry that are responsible for cognitive processes.

22
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change over successive generations of the genetic make up of a particular population.

23
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which inherited characteristics that enhance an individual’s reproductive success are passed on to the next generation and become more widespread.

24
Q

What is heredity?

A

The passing of characteristics from one generation to the next through genes.

25
Q

What is heritability?

A

The amount of variability in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genes.

26
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of a chromosome that carries information as DNA.

27
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual.

28
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an individual. This is a consequence of the interaction of a genotype with the environment.

29
Q

What is the CNS?

A

A connected system that processes and stores information and issues orders to muscles and glands. The spinal cord bridges the gap between the brain and peripheral nerves.

30
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Nerve cell

31
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical that communicates information from one neuron to another.

32
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

The study of chemical and neural processes associated with the nervous system.

33
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The PNS is a connected system that transmits information to and from the CNS comprising of the somatic and autonomic nervous system.

34
Q

What is nature vs nurture?

A

Environment vs genetics

35
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Unconscious strategies that involve a distortion of reality to protect our conscious mind from unpleasant emotions (e.g. anxiety) so we can cope with a situation

36
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

The personality theory and therapy associated with Feud

37
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

The part of the mind that contains repressed ideas that can’t be accessed by the conscious mind

38
Q

What is the Tripartite personality?

A

Freud’s division of the kind into 3 structures - Ego, Id, SuperEgo

39
Q

What are the psychosexual stages?

A

Freud’s stage theory which proposed that personality develops through a sequence of 5 stages which are driven by libido (need for pleasure)

40
Q

What is free will?

A

The ability to act at one’s own discretion

41
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

A motivational theory by Maslow (shown as the pyramid of needs). The most basic needs at the bottom of the hierarchy must be met for a person to progress to meeting the higher needs at the top.

42
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s full potential.

43
Q

What is self?

A

Our personal identity

44
Q

What is congruency?

A

The match between how you see yourself (perceived self) and how you would like to be seen (ideal self)

45
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

When the love given by others is unconditional.

46
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

These are conditions that significant others put upon a person and they have to achieve these if they are to be loved.

Psychology (7 decks)

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