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Psychology > Topic 1 : Social Influence > Flashcards

Topic 1 : Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conformity?

A

How an individual changes their behaviour as a result of the influence of a larger group, where there is no direct request for them to do so.

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2
Q

What is ISI ?

A

Informational social influence. The desire to be right, cognitive process (leads to internalisation )

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3
Q

What is NSI ?

A

Normative social influence. The desire to be liked, emotional process (leads to compliance)

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4
Q

What is compliance ?

A

Going along with others. It occurs when someone wants to achieve a favourable reaction from the other group members.

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5
Q

What is identification ?

A

Publicly changing an opinion to be accepted. The individual maintains the group behaviour even when they aren’t with the group.

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6
Q

What is internalisation ?

A

When a person genuinely accepts the group’s norms. The ideas are consistent with their own value system.

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7
Q

What are the 2 explanations of why people conform ?

A
  1. Normative social influence
  2. Informational social influence
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity suggested by Kelman ?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. Identification
  3. Internalisation
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9
Q

What is obedience ?

A

A form of social influence where an individual follows a direct order. The person giving the order is usually a figure of authority.

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10
Q

What are the 2 psychological explanations for obedience ?

A
  1. the agentic state
  2. the legitimacy of authority
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11
Q

What is the agentic state ?

A

When an individual slips out of autonomous mode and into the agentic state. When a person feels able to pass responsibility for their actions onto an authority figure. This enables a person to act in ways that would not be possible if they were in autonomous mode.

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12
Q

What is autonomous mode ?

A

Milgram suggested we mostly operate in this state, where we feel responsible for our behaviour and likely to act according to law and conscious, as we know we are accountable for our actions.

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13
Q

What is legitimate authority ?

A

We obey those with authority as we assume they know what they are doing. This can give them rights to exert control over others. We obey these people because we trust them, or believe they can punish us. Authority may come from a person’s status in society.

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14
Q

What are the 3 explanations for obedience ?

A
  1. Psychological factors (legitimacy, agentic state)
  2. Situational factors (proximity, location, uniform)
  3. Dispositions factors (authoritarian personality by Adorno)
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15
Q

What are the 3 situational factors which can affect obedience rates ?

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Location
  3. Uniform
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16
Q

What is proximity ?

A
  • how close the person is to the consequence of their actions when obeying an authority figure
  • the further away the participant is from Mr.Wallace, the more able they are to avoid witnessing the consequences of their obedient behaviour, and therefore more likely to obey
  • has an affect on obedience levels as the pressure the participant feels to obey the experimenter is lessened if the isn’t in the same room (when giving orders over the telephone, only 20% went up to 450V)
  • when teacher + learner were in the same room obedience rates fell by 40% as the teacher saw the learner’s distress
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17
Q

What is location ?

A
  • some locations increase the perceived legitimacy of authority figures.
  • the experimenter was attached to a prestigious institution (Yale), so had a high amount of perceived authority
  • when the study was recreated in a run downtown office block in Connecticut, obedience dropped to 47.5%
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18
Q

What is uniform ?

A
  • gives a person the perception of greater authority and so we would expect that obedience rates would be greater
  • the researcher wore a white lab coat, which added perceived authority
19
Q

What are dispositional factors ?

A

Any explanation of behaviour that shows the importance of the individual’s personality

20
Q

What is the Authoritarian personality by Adorno ?

A
  • a type of personality that led to obeying people in authority, and are submissive to those of higher status and dismissive of inferiors.
  • milgram suggested that someone with this personality is more likely to be obedient
  • caused by an upbringing with strict+emotionally distant parents who use violence for disobedience, so the child feels the need to obey those in authority
  • this continues in adulthood and becomes part of their personality
21
Q

What is the F-scale ?

A

A questionnaire that tests for the authoritarian personality and consists of 30 questions, assessing 9 personality dimensions.

22
Q

What are the 2 explanations of resistance to social influence ?

A
  1. Social support
  2. Locus of control
23
Q

What is social support ?

A

The presence of people who resist pressures to conform/obey and so can help others to do the same
They are seen as a model to present that resistance to social influence is possible

24
Q

How is social support seen in terms of conformity ?

A

Occurs in conformity when someone has an ally/dissenter (deviates from majority), even if they don’t share the same view.
They may no longer fear being ridiculed, which allows them to avoid NSI to conform.
This makes non-conformity an option that the individual may not have considered without them

25
Q

How is social support seen in terms of obedience ?

A

Can help resist the pressures to obey as it’s easier to stand up to an authority figure if there is someone else to share the consequences of doing so.
Dissenters make disobedience an option that the individual may not have considered without them.

26
Q

What is Locus of Control ?

A

The extent to which individuals believe they can control the events in their lives

27
Q

What is a high internal LOC ?

A
  • people who have this believe events result primarily from their own behaviour
  • they have a better control of their behaviour, and are more likely to influence others as they are more likely to assume their efforts will be successful
  • they are more confident and less likely to need approval from others
  • they are more likely to resist the pressures of social influence
28
Q

What is a high external LOC ?

A
  • people who believe that powerful others or chance primarily determine events
  • they are more likely to pass responsibility for something they feel uncomfortable with onto someone else (agentic state)
29
Q

What is minority influence ?

A
  • When an individual changes the behaviour of a larger group
  • opposite of conformity
  • may lead to internalisation as it results from ISI and shows a true conversion
30
Q

What are the 3 qualities a minority should have to be successful ?

A
  1. Consistency
  2. Commitment
  3. Flexibility
31
Q

What is consistency ?

A
  • when a minority sticks to their views over a period of time to be influential
  • over time, the consistency in the minority’s views increases the amount of interest from others.
  • such consistency makes people rethink their own views
32
Q

What is synchronic consistency ?

A

An agreement between those in the majority

33
Q

What is diachronic consistency ?

A

Consistency over time

34
Q

What did Moscovici argue ?

A

Not enough credit is given to the influence a minority can have on the majority

35
Q

What is commitment ?

A

They have to show they are committed to their opinion
Can be through consistency or by extreme activities to draw attention to their views
The activities carry some risk to the minority to show their dedication to the cause.
This leads to majority group members paying more attention (augmentation principle)

36
Q

What is the augmentation principle ?

A

majority group members paying more attention to the minority

37
Q

What is flexibility ?

A

They have to be able to adapt and not strictly stick to a view when there is contradictory information
They need to accept reasonable + valid counter arguments
Being repetitive of the same arguments can be seen as rigid and off-putting to the majority
The key is to strike a balance between consistency and flexibility

38
Q

What is the snowball effect ?

A

-Over time, increasing number of people switch from the majority to the minority position
-They have been converted
-The more this happens, the faster the rate of conversion

39
Q

What is social influence ?

A

The process by which individuals change each other’s behaviours (conformity, obedience, minority influence)

40
Q

What is social change ?

A

When whole societies adopt new attitudes and beliefs. Social influence leads to social change

41
Q

What is the abbreviation for the stages for social influence to lead to social change ?

A

All (attention)
Choices (consistency)
Demand (deeper processing/cognitive conflict)
A (augmentation principle)
Social (snowball effect)
Change (C social Cryptoamnesia)

42
Q

What is cognitive conflict / deeper processing ?

A

The mental conflict that occurs when a person’s behaviour and beliefs don’t align.

If the minority view leads to conflict within the majority, this may cause a shift towards the minority’s view to reduce cognitive conflict

43
Q

What is social crypto amnesia ?

A

People have a memory that change has occurred but don’t remember exactly how it happened

Psychology (7 decks)

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