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Russia in Revolution > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which document promised a duma

A

October manifesto

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2
Q

when were the first duma elections

A

first few weeks of spring 1906

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3
Q

first duma dates and biggest party (no stats)

A

27th April - 8th july

kadets

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4
Q

second duma dates and biggest party (no stats)

A

February - june 1907

tudoviki

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5
Q

third duma dates and biggest party (no stats)

A

November 1907 - June 1912

octoberists

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6
Q

fourth duma dates and biggest party (no stats)

A

November 1912 - august 1914

rightists

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7
Q

Menshevik participation in the dumas

A

18,47 stopped

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8
Q

Bolshevik participation in the dumas

A

didn’t for first two then 19, 15

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9
Q

kadet participation in the dumas

A

182, 91, 34, 53

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10
Q

Octoberist participation in the dumas

A

17, 42, 154, 95

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11
Q

right parties participation in the dumas

A

8, 10, 147, 154

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12
Q

name of loan made in December that granted the government some breathing space

A

Kokovstev loan by france now if duma didn’t agree Tsar had some money in the pot to spend

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13
Q

who came up with first electoral system and with what aim

A

Witte with aim to produce a reliable duma by indirect franchise (people vote for people who vote for the next layer up and so on)

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14
Q

first duma background

A

fundamental laws published only days before they met
dominated by reformist parties who took a radical stance
demanded their rights to be increased
duma vs government ministers
tsar just showed distain for the duma

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15
Q

first duma demands and outcome

A

democratisation of Russia
land reforms (form nobles to peasants)
amnesty on political detainees
instantly dismissed

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16
Q

how the duma closed down

A

vote of censure calling for government to resign
duma provocatively began a debate on land reform
government lost patients and so dismissed the duma

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17
Q

Vyborg manifesto - how did it come about and when

A

200 from the kadet and trudoviki parties reassembled in Vyborg, Finland
July 1906

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18
Q

what was the Vyborg manifesto

A

an appeal urging the people of Russia to defy their government until the duma was reaasembled

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19
Q

urges in the vyborg manifesto

A

refuse to pay taxes
disobey conscription orders
(civil disobedience)

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20
Q

result of vyborg manifesto

A

failures
serious tactical error
no civil disobedience, just scattered violence
government now had an excuse to retaliate
Stolypin reforms
vyborg manifesto arrested and debarred from re-election to the duma

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21
Q

who was chief minister after witte in 1906

A

Ivan Goremykin

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22
Q

what did Ivan Goremykin say about the first dumas’ proposals

A

‘inadmissable’

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23
Q

what was Nicholas 2 reported to have said about the first duma

A

‘curse the duma. it is all wittes doing’

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24
Q

when were the fundamental laws published

A

23rd april 1906

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25
Q

fundamental laws role

A

a constitution
detailed the role and powers of the principle institutions of government
protect autocracy as they were now out of danger and wanted to ensure the elected duma wasn’t too powerful

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26
Q

article four of the fundamental laws

A

‘the all-Russian emperor posses the supreme autocratic power. not only fear and conscience, but god himself, command obedience to his authority’

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27
Q

fundamental laws made what aspects of government under tsar jurisdiction and out of duma hands

A

defence and foreign affairs

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28
Q

article 87 of the fundamental laws

A

tsar to proclaim new laws without duma approval when duma not in session, meant to be later ratified by the duma but could be delayed for months (and even years)
ability to bypass the duma

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29
Q

other rights granted to tsar

A

right to dissolve duma at any time
tsar alone had right to appoint or dismiss ministers
in emergencies all human rights could be suspended

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30
Q

trick of the fundamental laws

A

bicameral
unelected Imperial State Council
solidly conservative body
half from tsar, other half from orthodox church and the zemstvo
could block or veto anything the duma did

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31
Q

who was stolypin

A

1902, regional governor of Saratov (gained reputation for using troops to maintain order, “stolypin’s necktie’’)
1906 april = interior minister
july = prime minister until 1911 when was assassinated

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32
Q

stolypin quote as guiding principle

A

‘suppression first and then, and only then, reform’

conservative

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33
Q

what did stolypin think reform should do

A

reduce social bitterness on which opposition fed

34
Q

why was there nedd for repression from stolypin (6)

A 
military mutinies
terrorist outrages
agrarian turmoil
urban strikes
defiant duma deputies
religious dissent
35
Q

statistics on terrorists 1905 - 1907

A

since 1905 to when stolypin came to power, 1231 officials had been assassinated
stolypin’s house bombed and his 2 daughters killed

36
Q

stolypin’s main reform

A

‘wager on the strong’
de-revolutionise the peasantry
worry after 1905 as peasants had revolted due to land issues
so stolypin bought off the peasants
cancelled emancipation payments
aimed at creating a layer of prosperous, productive peasants who would farm independently and this new wealth would turn them into natural supporters of the tsar

37
Q

other peasant reforms stolypin brought in

A

urged farmers to abandon strip system and replace with fenced off fields
peasants encouraged to leave the Mir
land bank established so peasants who wanted to go independent from the MIr had the funds
voluntary resettlement of peasants to Siberia

38
Q

other measure non-peasant related brought in by Stolypin

A

nationwide network of court marshalls
constitution alterations (electoral laws for the third duma)
censorship (around 1000 newspapers ceased to publish)
union of the Russian people (black hundreds
bring back the okhrana

39
Q

difficulties facing stolypin

A

peasants too backwards, too conservative, too tied to their communes?
too little time
but did work? as a significant minority of the peasantry were paying increasingly higher taxes in the decade up to 1914
himself, he said he needed 20 years. his assassination gave him only 5 years and war, only 8
by 1914, only 15% of land as farms
uncertainty peasants didn’t like
1913, government ministry of agriculture was losing faith in farms instead of strips
self important duma, had to talk through everything = slow

40
Q

stolypin and the duma

A

maintained a good working relationship
developed a good understanding with the octoberists
pursued his reforms without too much opposition
even so did use article 87 eg for court marshall

41
Q

industrial statistics

A

witte no longer minister after 1906 but his work continued on
1908-1914 = increased industrial output of 8.5%
but few workers gained
inflation rose 40%, average workers wages only rose by 7%
but some workers did better than other, St Petersburg wages = 30% higher than Moscow
but large numbers of strikes up to 1914 ending in a general strike

42
Q

second duma nature

A

became much more polarised with the seats lost by the kadets being given to trudiviki, srs mensheviks and Bolsheviks and on the right, extreme anti-duma right winged groups
= more polarised and greater infighting
stolypin’s land proposals opposed
duma attacked Russian imperial army
Nicholas accused the Bolsheviks of treason and dissolved the duma

43
Q

why after two radicalised dumas did the government not get rid of them?

A 
foreign policy (makes russia look good by having 'democracy'), commercial talks with Britain and france
stolypins new electoral laws = a docile third duma
44
Q

stolypins new electoral law

A

ensured conservative majority
nobility elected 50% of duma
peasantry elected 20%

45
Q

third duma nature

A

pro government
cooperated (especially with stolypin)
still questioned ministers and discussed state finances
committees
propsed modernization of the armed forces
social-reform measure (eg schools for children of the poor, national insurance for industrial workers)

46
Q

fourth duma nature

A

just rubber stamps of government?
less openly obstructive but still criticised
1912, okhrana blamed tensions in Russia on the awkward and searching questions being asked by the duma about government policy
state welfare beginnings

47
Q

lena goldfields massacre

A

april 1912

90 soldiers fired on3000 unarmed minres marching killing 160 and wounding 200

48
Q

number of ‘political’ strikes 1911 and 1914

A

24
2401
general strike july 1914

49
Q

brief tensions in russia leading up to 1914

A 
urban unrest
marches
strikes
repression by the government
lena goldfields
worker militancy
general strike juky
ended only by the outbreak of war
50
Q

brief impact of war on Russia immediate and then more long term

A 
immediate
- tsar popularity and nationality enhanced
- weakened anti-war bolshevks
long term 
-inflation (quantitative easing, abandoned gold standard)
- food in short supply
-transport system broke down
-army undermined
-tsar becoming commander in chief = clear accountability
-morale
-living conditions
-prohibition
51
Q

brief what triggered 1917 revolution

A 
unrest in towns and countryside
war
city supply problems
inflation
Nicholas, Alexandra and rasputin
progressive bloc
unwilling duma august 1915
incompetence
52
Q

when did tsar become head of the russian army and associtaed problem

A

August 1915
now personally responsible
cannot blame incompetence on anyone els

53
Q

duma during war

A

august 1914, supported tsar by voting to suspend itslef during war
duma reassembled july 1915

54
Q

bodies the tsar and his ministers refused to co-operate with

then what happend

A

Union of Zemstvos (patriotic)
Union of Municipal Councils (in the beginning wholly committed to work with tsar and his government)
the groups united to form the Zemgor - joint body devoted to helping the russia’s war wounded
they were successful showing there was a workable alternative to tsarism

55
Q

progressive bloc - how it started

A

duma wanted to replce ineffective cabinet with ‘ministry of national confidence’ made up of duma members
nicholas rejected
Milyukov : tsar had ‘brushed aside the hand that was offered them’
236/422 duma deputies formed progressive bloc

56
Q

what parties made up progressive bloc

A 
kadets 
octoberists
progressive nationalists
party og progressive nationalists
SRs did not formally join but voted with the progressive bloc
57
Q

what the progressive bloc did

A

criticised gov handling of war
did not directly challenge
tried to persuade concessions
nicholas refused to listen

58
Q

Vasily Shulgin who and quote

A

one of the bloc’s leading members

‘the whole purpose of the bloc was to prevent revolution so as to enable the government to finish the war’

59
Q

why 1916 food shortages

statistics

A

1916 food shortages as
-inflation made it unprofitable to trade so hording
-military taking food
-military taking transport
-cities = isolated
Moscow pre war = 2,200 wagons of grain a month, feb 1917 = less than 700

60
Q

living condition okhrana statistics

A

wages average doubled (electrician from 2-3 roubles to 5-6 roubles)
average expenses between tripled and x6 (boots from 5-6 roubles to 20-30 roubles)

61
Q

prohibition problem

A

street violence/disobidience increased not decreased
around 1/3 of gov revenue came from taxes on alcohol (especially vodka) then cutting that during war time when gov spending increased so much

62
Q

gov spending increased from…… to …. during war

A

1914 - 1917

4 million roubles - 30 million roubles

63
Q

view of rasputin at court

A

hated
detested his low beginnings
‘mad monk’

64
Q

how did rasputin get royal favour

A

‘cure’ Alexei haemophilia (just calmed him down = reduced blood pressure = less tempersture = less pain)

65
Q

nationality of Alexandra

A

german

66
Q

after nicholas made himself head of the army who beccame the government of russia

A

alexandra and rasputin

67
Q

positives about rasputin

A

had more common sense than most of gov (reorganized army’s medical supply system)

68
Q

brief timeline of 1917 revolution

A

february
-18th putilov factory strike
-23rd international womens day (socilasit groups to demand equality)
-25th general strike
-26th petrograd garrison desert
-27th provisional committee formed & petrograd soviet formed
-28th Nicholas 2 prevented from returning to petrograd
March
-2 provisional committee declares itself PG
-3rd PG declares revolution has happened
-4th tsar formally abdicates

69
Q

pre 1914, which countries were russias main concerns

A

growth of a united germany
formation of austro - hungarian empire
decline of ottoman empire (threatend russian interests in the Balkans - where russia saw itself as defender of slav nationalism

70
Q

consequences of russia’s foreign concerns

A

russia drew away from germany
formed ententes with britain and france
competed with austria-hungary for influence in the balkans
serbia problem

71
Q

the balkan wars

A

flashpoint of tension between austria-hungary and russia

russia went in because wanted to champion Slav culture + had commercial interests

72
Q

Tsars position at the outbreak of war

A

had been strengthened by 1905 revolution (troops had remained loyal and both st petersburg soviets and moscow soviets had been crushed)
october manifesto had not really weakened his authority (Fundamental laws)
dumas never truly became a threat
liberals would not openly challenge the tsar
revoltionary parties unable to mount another challenge
russia remained feared by much of europe
tsar convinced only a minority opposed him
russia potential for growth = huge
= OPTIMISM

73
Q

why did russia enter into the triple entente

A

to counter the central powers threat (austria-hungary, germany and turkey

74
Q

internationally, how did russia see itself

how persued this policy

A

protector of the slav people

russian foreign minister Sergei Sazonov

75
Q

how did russia hope to avoid war

A

threat of its reserve of manpower
germany called it ‘the Russian steamroller’
hoped by simply mobilising it forces, would act as a deterrent to austria

76
Q

3 key sequence of events leading to war

A

28th july = austria-hungary declared war on serbia
30th july = tsar signed full mobilisation order
1st august = germany declared war on russia

77
Q

role of bolwsheviks in february revolution

A

absent

all leaders were in exile

78
Q

role of petrograd in february revolution

A

was the revolution of a single city - petrograd

rest of russia just accepted it

79
Q

how many were roughly killed in the february revolution

A

1500 - 2000 (compared to russian casualties in war this was small)

80
Q

who suggested and then who brought about the abdication of nicholas

A

aristocracy / high-ranking duma members who suggested Nicholas abdicate
it was the railway workers who prevented nicholas from re-entering petrograd

81
Q

character of the february revolution

A 
not a revolution from the proletariat
bolsheviks played no part
revolution supported by tsars traditional supporters
a failure of leadership
revolution of a single city
potentially a consequence of war
an institutional crisis

Russia in Revolution (4 decks)

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