Topic 2 Flashcards
1
Q
which document promised a duma
A
October manifesto
2
Q
when were the first duma elections
A
first few weeks of spring 1906
3
Q
first duma dates and biggest party (no stats)
A
27th April - 8th july
kadets
4
Q
second duma dates and biggest party (no stats)
A
February - june 1907
tudoviki
5
Q
third duma dates and biggest party (no stats)
A
November 1907 - June 1912
octoberists
6
Q
fourth duma dates and biggest party (no stats)
A
November 1912 - august 1914
rightists
7
Q
Menshevik participation in the dumas
A
18,47 stopped
8
Q
Bolshevik participation in the dumas
A
didn’t for first two then 19, 15
9
Q
kadet participation in the dumas
A
182, 91, 34, 53
10
Q
Octoberist participation in the dumas
A
17, 42, 154, 95
11
Q
right parties participation in the dumas
A
8, 10, 147, 154
12
Q
name of loan made in December that granted the government some breathing space
A
Kokovstev loan by france now if duma didn’t agree Tsar had some money in the pot to spend
13
Q
who came up with first electoral system and with what aim
A
Witte with aim to produce a reliable duma by indirect franchise (people vote for people who vote for the next layer up and so on)
14
Q
first duma background
A
fundamental laws published only days before they met
dominated by reformist parties who took a radical stance
demanded their rights to be increased
duma vs government ministers
tsar just showed distain for the duma
15
Q
first duma demands and outcome
A
democratisation of Russia
land reforms (form nobles to peasants)
amnesty on political detainees
instantly dismissed
16
Q
how the duma closed down
A
vote of censure calling for government to resign
duma provocatively began a debate on land reform
government lost patients and so dismissed the duma
17
Q
Vyborg manifesto - how did it come about and when
A
200 from the kadet and trudoviki parties reassembled in Vyborg, Finland
July 1906
18
Q
what was the Vyborg manifesto
A
an appeal urging the people of Russia to defy their government until the duma was reaasembled
19
Q
urges in the vyborg manifesto
A
refuse to pay taxes
disobey conscription orders
(civil disobedience)
20
Q
result of vyborg manifesto
A
failures
serious tactical error
no civil disobedience, just scattered violence
government now had an excuse to retaliate
Stolypin reforms
vyborg manifesto arrested and debarred from re-election to the duma
21
Q
who was chief minister after witte in 1906
A
Ivan Goremykin
22
Q
what did Ivan Goremykin say about the first dumas’ proposals
A
‘inadmissable’
23
Q
what was Nicholas 2 reported to have said about the first duma
A
‘curse the duma. it is all wittes doing’
24
Q
when were the fundamental laws published
A
23rd april 1906
25
fundamental laws role
a constitution
detailed the role and powers of the principle institutions of government
protect autocracy as they were now out of danger and wanted to ensure the elected duma wasn't too powerful
26
article four of the fundamental laws
'the all-Russian emperor posses the supreme autocratic power. not only fear and conscience, but god himself, command obedience to his authority'
27
fundamental laws made what aspects of government under tsar jurisdiction and out of duma hands
defence and foreign affairs
28
article 87 of the fundamental laws
tsar to proclaim new laws without duma approval when duma not in session, meant to be later ratified by the duma but could be delayed for months (and even years)
ability to bypass the duma
29
other rights granted to tsar
right to dissolve duma at any time
tsar alone had right to appoint or dismiss ministers
in emergencies all human rights could be suspended
30
trick of the fundamental laws
bicameral
unelected Imperial State Council
solidly conservative body
half from tsar, other half from orthodox church and the zemstvo
could block or veto anything the duma did
31
who was stolypin
1902, regional governor of Saratov (gained reputation for using troops to maintain order, "stolypin's necktie'')
1906 april = interior minister
july = prime minister until 1911 when was assassinated
32
stolypin quote as guiding principle
'suppression first and then, and only then, reform'
| conservative
33
what did stolypin think reform should do
reduce social bitterness on which opposition fed
34
why was there nedd for repression from stolypin (6)
```
military mutinies
terrorist outrages
agrarian turmoil
urban strikes
defiant duma deputies
religious dissent
```
35
statistics on terrorists 1905 - 1907
since 1905 to when stolypin came to power, 1231 officials had been assassinated
stolypin's house bombed and his 2 daughters killed
36
stolypin's main reform
'wager on the strong'
de-revolutionise the peasantry
worry after 1905 as peasants had revolted due to land issues
so stolypin bought off the peasants
cancelled emancipation payments
aimed at creating a layer of prosperous, productive peasants who would farm independently and this new wealth would turn them into natural supporters of the tsar
37
other peasant reforms stolypin brought in
urged farmers to abandon strip system and replace with fenced off fields
peasants encouraged to leave the Mir
land bank established so peasants who wanted to go independent from the MIr had the funds
voluntary resettlement of peasants to Siberia
38
other measure non-peasant related brought in by Stolypin
nationwide network of court marshalls
constitution alterations (electoral laws for the third duma)
censorship (around 1000 newspapers ceased to publish)
union of the Russian people (black hundreds
bring back the okhrana
39
difficulties facing stolypin
peasants too backwards, too conservative, too tied to their communes?
too little time
but did work? as a significant minority of the peasantry were paying increasingly higher taxes in the decade up to 1914
himself, he said he needed 20 years. his assassination gave him only 5 years and war, only 8
by 1914, only 15% of land as farms
uncertainty peasants didn't like
1913, government ministry of agriculture was losing faith in farms instead of strips
self important duma, had to talk through everything = slow
40
stolypin and the duma
maintained a good working relationship
developed a good understanding with the octoberists
pursued his reforms without too much opposition
even so did use article 87 eg for court marshall
41
industrial statistics
witte no longer minister after 1906 but his work continued on
1908-1914 = increased industrial output of 8.5%
but few workers gained
inflation rose 40%, average workers wages only rose by 7%
but some workers did better than other, St Petersburg wages = 30% higher than Moscow
but large numbers of strikes up to 1914 ending in a general strike
42
second duma nature
became much more polarised with the seats lost by the kadets being given to trudiviki, srs mensheviks and Bolsheviks and on the right, extreme anti-duma right winged groups
= more polarised and greater infighting
stolypin's land proposals opposed
duma attacked Russian imperial army
Nicholas accused the Bolsheviks of treason and dissolved the duma
43
why after two radicalised dumas did the government not get rid of them?
```
foreign policy (makes russia look good by having 'democracy'), commercial talks with Britain and france
stolypins new electoral laws = a docile third duma
```
44
stolypins new electoral law
ensured conservative majority
nobility elected 50% of duma
peasantry elected 20%
45
third duma nature
pro government
cooperated (especially with stolypin)
still questioned ministers and discussed state finances
committees
propsed modernization of the armed forces
social-reform measure (eg schools for children of the poor, national insurance for industrial workers)
46
fourth duma nature
just rubber stamps of government?
less openly obstructive but still criticised
1912, okhrana blamed tensions in Russia on the awkward and searching questions being asked by the duma about government policy
state welfare beginnings
47
lena goldfields massacre
april 1912
| 90 soldiers fired on3000 unarmed minres marching killing 160 and wounding 200
48
number of 'political' strikes 1911 and 1914
24
2401
general strike july 1914
49
brief tensions in russia leading up to 1914
```
urban unrest
marches
strikes
repression by the government
lena goldfields
worker militancy
general strike juky
ended only by the outbreak of war
```
50
brief impact of war on Russia immediate and then more long term
```
immediate
- tsar popularity and nationality enhanced
- weakened anti-war bolshevks
long term
-inflation (quantitative easing, abandoned gold standard)
- food in short supply
-transport system broke down
-army undermined
-tsar becoming commander in chief = clear accountability
-morale
-living conditions
-prohibition
```
51
brief what triggered 1917 revolution
```
unrest in towns and countryside
war
city supply problems
inflation
Nicholas, Alexandra and rasputin
progressive bloc
unwilling duma august 1915
incompetence
```
52
when did tsar become head of the russian army and associtaed problem
August 1915
now personally responsible
cannot blame incompetence on anyone els
53
duma during war
august 1914, supported tsar by voting to suspend itslef during war
duma reassembled july 1915
54
bodies the tsar and his ministers refused to co-operate with
| then what happend
Union of Zemstvos (patriotic)
Union of Municipal Councils (in the beginning wholly committed to work with tsar and his government)
the groups united to form the Zemgor - joint body devoted to helping the russia's war wounded
they were successful showing there was a workable alternative to tsarism
55
progressive bloc - how it started
duma wanted to replce ineffective cabinet with 'ministry of national confidence' made up of duma members
nicholas rejected
Milyukov : tsar had 'brushed aside the hand that was offered them'
236/422 duma deputies formed progressive bloc
56
what parties made up progressive bloc
```
kadets
octoberists
progressive nationalists
party og progressive nationalists
SRs did not formally join but voted with the progressive bloc
```
57
what the progressive bloc did
criticised gov handling of war
did not directly challenge
tried to persuade concessions
nicholas refused to listen
58
Vasily Shulgin who and quote
one of the bloc's leading members
| 'the whole purpose of the bloc was to prevent revolution so as to enable the government to finish the war'
59
why 1916 food shortages
| statistics
1916 food shortages as
-inflation made it unprofitable to trade so hording
-military taking food
-military taking transport
-cities = isolated
Moscow pre war = 2,200 wagons of grain a month, feb 1917 = less than 700
60
living condition okhrana statistics
wages average doubled (electrician from 2-3 roubles to 5-6 roubles)
average expenses between tripled and x6 (boots from 5-6 roubles to 20-30 roubles)
61
prohibition problem
street violence/disobidience increased not decreased
around 1/3 of gov revenue came from taxes on alcohol (especially vodka) then cutting that during war time when gov spending increased so much
62
gov spending increased from...... to .... during war
1914 - 1917
| 4 million roubles - 30 million roubles
63
view of rasputin at court
hated
detested his low beginnings
'mad monk'
64
how did rasputin get royal favour
'cure' Alexei haemophilia (just calmed him down = reduced blood pressure = less tempersture = less pain)
65
nationality of Alexandra
german
66
after nicholas made himself head of the army who beccame the government of russia
alexandra and rasputin
67
positives about rasputin
had more common sense than most of gov (reorganized army's medical supply system)
68
brief timeline of 1917 revolution
february
-18th putilov factory strike
-23rd international womens day (socilasit groups to demand equality)
-25th general strike
-26th petrograd garrison desert
-27th provisional committee formed & petrograd soviet formed
-28th Nicholas 2 prevented from returning to petrograd
March
-2 provisional committee declares itself PG
-3rd PG declares revolution has happened
-4th tsar formally abdicates
69
pre 1914, which countries were russias main concerns
growth of a united germany
formation of austro - hungarian empire
decline of ottoman empire (threatend russian interests in the Balkans - where russia saw itself as defender of slav nationalism
70
consequences of russia's foreign concerns
russia drew away from germany
formed ententes with britain and france
competed with austria-hungary for influence in the balkans
serbia problem
71
the balkan wars
flashpoint of tension between austria-hungary and russia
| russia went in because wanted to champion Slav culture + had commercial interests
72
Tsars position at the outbreak of war
had been strengthened by 1905 revolution (troops had remained loyal and both st petersburg soviets and moscow soviets had been crushed)
october manifesto had not really weakened his authority (Fundamental laws)
dumas never truly became a threat
liberals would not openly challenge the tsar
revoltionary parties unable to mount another challenge
russia remained feared by much of europe
tsar convinced only a minority opposed him
russia potential for growth = huge
= OPTIMISM
73
why did russia enter into the triple entente
to counter the central powers threat (austria-hungary, germany and turkey
74
internationally, how did russia see itself
| how persued this policy
protector of the slav people
| russian foreign minister Sergei Sazonov
75
how did russia hope to avoid war
threat of its reserve of manpower
germany called it 'the Russian steamroller'
hoped by simply mobilising it forces, would act as a deterrent to austria
76
3 key sequence of events leading to war
28th july = austria-hungary declared war on serbia
30th july = tsar signed full mobilisation order
1st august = germany declared war on russia
77
role of bolwsheviks in february revolution
absent
| all leaders were in exile
78
role of petrograd in february revolution
was the revolution of a single city - petrograd
| rest of russia just accepted it
79
how many were roughly killed in the february revolution
1500 - 2000 (compared to russian casualties in war this was small)
80
who suggested and then who brought about the abdication of nicholas
aristocracy / high-ranking duma members who suggested Nicholas abdicate
it was the railway workers who prevented nicholas from re-entering petrograd
81
character of the february revolution
```
not a revolution from the proletariat
bolsheviks played no part
revolution supported by tsars traditional supporters
a failure of leadership
revolution of a single city
potentially a consequence of war
an institutional crisis
```
