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Russia in Revolution > Topic 1: Nicholas early rule 1894-1905 > Flashcards

Topic 1: Nicholas early rule 1894-1905 Flashcards

1
Q

emancipation of the serfs

A

1861

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2
Q

Alexander 2

A

1855-1881
great reforms
zemstva established
assassinated 1881 by peoples will

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3
Q

Alexander 3

A 
1881-1894
the reaction (to assassination of father)
Russification
zemstva act 1890
University statute 1887
Statute of State security 1881
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4
Q

Nicholas 2

A 
1894-1917
soft & indecisive
Pobedonostev tutor
coronation stampede then French banquet
October manifesto
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5
Q

zemstva established

A

1864

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6
Q

alexander 2 assainated

A

1st march 1881

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7
Q

russifcation under alex 3

A

repress opponents
undo fathers reforms
restore Russia’s position internationally after crimea war failure

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8
Q

Conditions pre Nicholas for revolution

A

legacy of aleaxnders (Great reforms the The Reaction)
Industrialisation
Population explosition (1861: 64million, 1914: 164million)
Expansionist foreign policy
multi-state nation
Social structure
poor infrastructure
no effective banking system = cant raise capital

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9
Q

Social structure of Russia 1897

A

82% Peasants - not going to boom
1.5% commercial classes - good for economy
4% working class - need lots for industrialisation

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10
Q

a crisis of modernisation

A

Russia needs to modernise to keep up with west (Crimean war example)
dissatisfied peasantry & aggressive workers
new Tsar: reactionary or reformer??

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11
Q

Great Spurt dates

A

1893-1903

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12
Q

Problem and the end of the great spurt

A

spurt = ballooning in population in cities (unorganised)

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13
Q

Romanov dynasty began….

A

1613

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14
Q

Fundamental laws of the empire… who & when

A

Nicholas 1 : 1832

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15
Q

Article 1 of the fundamental laws of the empire

A

‘the emperor of all the Russias is an autocratic and unlimited monarch. God himself ordains that all must bow to his supreme power, not only out of fear but also out of conscience’

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16
Q

3 official bodies the Tsar governed through

A

Imperial adviser
Cabinet of Ministers
Senate

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17
Q

role of imperial council

A

to advise

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18
Q

role of cabinet of ministers

A

ran government departments

sucked up to tsar

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19
Q

role of senate

A

supervised operation of law

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20
Q

3 reforming tsars

A

Alexander 2
perter 1
Catherine 3 (practical and efficiency reforms)

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21
Q

problem with lack of democracy

A

liberal ideas were around
wanted change through reform, not destruction of the tsarist system
but with no freedoms = no forum for debate
forced into activism? eg people’s will 1881
no political middle ground
by beginning of 20th century all western govs had some form of representation in government

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22
Q

army problem

A

tough
+1 million died in peace time during Nicholas 1 reign
large empire = large army = 45% of gov expenditure on army and navy (whilst only 4% on education)

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23
Q

1894 imperial Russia facts

A

22 million square kilometres
split into European Russia and Asiatic Russia
1815 to 1914 population quadrupled
variety of races and cultures

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24
Q

6 principles of tsarism

A 
nationality
okhrana
oppression of nationalities
autocracy
orthodoxy 
anti-Semitism
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25
Q

okhrana

A

tsarist’s political police force
aim: to infiltrate and destroy revolutionary and terrorist networks
used informants (SRs & SDS riddled)
1900: 2 500 with 1/3 stationed in Petrograd

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26
Q

nationality

A

russification
Russia = unique (distinct language and culture very different from the rest of the western world)
therefore western liberal and socialist ideas had no place in Russia and were unrussian

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27
Q

anti-semitism

A 
late 18th century = Russia took The Kingdom Of Poland
1900: 5 million Jews in Russia
Forced to live in the Pale of Settlement
discriminatory government policy
higher education = severely restricted
pogroms
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28
Q

Oppression of nationalities

A

Russification (started by Alexander 3)
Impose culture and religion on non-Russian minorities
Aggressively applied (Poland,Estonia,Latvia)
Armenia 1903- property if the Armenian church confiscated, equalled demonstrations, 70 wounded 10 dead
Poland and Baltic provinces, Russian language in court and school
Lots of money to Orthodox Church in non Russian provinces
In bail tic provinces no new Protestant church could be built without gov permission

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29
Q

Autocracy

A

One person possessing unlimited power
No formal checks on power
Power derived from the will of God
Nichola 2 called reforms ‘senses dreams’

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30
Q

Orthodoxy

A 
Russian Orthodox Church
Preached obedience to the tsar
Spiritual wing of the regime
Headed by government agency: Procurator of the Holy Synod
19th century becoming out of touch
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31
Q

Sergei uvarov 1833 quote

A

Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality

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32
Q

The peasant problem

A

‘Dark Masses’
Prejudice against them in government
4/5 of population
Thought could be controlled ‘under the whip’ and ‘safe ignorance’
Not enough fertile land available
Land shortage and high prices
Emancipated 1861 expensive land (high mortgages from land bank to pay off the land owners who had lost out due to emancipation)

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33
Q

4 main groups of opposition to the tsar

A

Liberals
Middle class
Revolutionaries
Unrest amongst peasants and workers

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34
Q

Middle class opposition to tsarist explained

A

Zemstva : dealt well with southern famine 1891-92 and wanted a greater voice in national affairs
19the century liberals fast expanding (intelligentsia was the educated middle class often strongly liberal and opposed to tsarist)
Industrialists and businessmen tended to be more moderate liberals who only needed minor reform to be kept happy
Universities (one protest 13 students dead)
Liberation movement- Union of liberation (1904 led a banquet campaign to ‘celebrate 40 years of trial by jury in Russia, in reality to gather like minded individuals to discuss and debate, left wing zemstvo plus radicalised students, newspaper liberation printed in Germany, Paul milyukov, secret meeting 1904 in St Petersburg

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35
Q

Different types of revolutionaries (not explained)

A

Social democrats (—> Menshevik Bolshevik split)
Social revolutionaries
Populists (narodniks ‘the people’)
Peoples will —> terrorist wing

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36
Q

Why worker unrest

A 
Awful conditions
Long hours
Harsh discipline
Dangerous with frequent injuries
Overcrowding 
Strikes - army called in 300 times 1901, 500 times 1902
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37
Q

Unrest amongst peasants

A

Environment (North = poor soil, black earth = erratic climate, often famines)
Poor methods (strip farming resulting in wasteage)
Peasant outbursts frequent but localised
Rarely antigovernment
Usually against local landowners

38
Q

Foundation of RSDLP

A

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

1883: liberation of labour group (political exiles including Plekhanov)
1895: merged to form Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad
1895: Union of the struggle for liberation of the working classes (inside Russia, Lenin and martov, aim to radicalised industrial workers inside the city)
1898: Russian social democratic Labour Party (representatives of the many Marxist groups came together under a single banner, Lenin back from Siberia 1900 + martov = leadership, 1900: Iskra)

39
Q

Marxism what is the theory

Stages brief

A 
Theory about history and human progress
Driven by economic change and conflict between social classes 
Feudalism
Capitalism
Communism
40
Q

Feudalism and the first revolution explained

A 
Dominant landowners exploiting the peasantry and subordinate classes
Bougeois Revolution (industrialisation creates 2 new social classes gouge oils and the proletariat) bourgeois oust feudalist rich landowners in a revolution
41
Q

Capitalism and the second revolution explained

Result

A

Bourgeois become richer and smaller
Proletariat become poorer but bigger
Immiseration
Proletariat revolt against the bourgeoise (proletariat certain to win as they are the many and the bourgeois and the few)
Communism! Collective ownership, no class division

42
Q

RSDLP ideology

A 
Party should focus on improving working class conditions as proletariat revolution a long way off
Lenin: wanted a revolution and the sooner the better = Leninist Marxism (view of Marxism that suited him?) telescoping the revolution
43
Q

Bolshevik Menshevik split

A

Had been profound ideological differences (Lenin = the development of capitalism in Russia (book 1896), Mensheviks : strict Marxism therefore need to strengthen the trade unions)
1903: meeting in Brussels then moved on to London, 43 delegates, ‘personal participation’ vs ‘regular work’ = specific reason for the split..

44
Q

Russo-Japanese war causes

A

Russia pursuing expansionist policy in the Far East
Obtain an ice free port (port Arthur)
Distract from Russia’s domestic troubles (Plehve ‘we need a small, victorious war to avert revolution) but did Plehve really say that… Witte..
Witte wanted Russia to expand economically into the Far East

45
Q

Course of Russo-Japanese war

A

Territorial disputes over Manchuria and Korea (long standing)
1904, Russia rejected Japanese proposals to settle Korea
Japan opened hostilities by attacking Russian fleet in Port Arthur
January 1905 port Arthur falls to jap
Russian surrender at Mukden February 1905
Tsushima, Russian fleet destroy instantaneously may 1905
Treaty of Portsmouth 5the September 1905

46
Q

Outcome of Russo-Japanese war

A

Loss of Manchuria, Korea and port Arthur to Japan

Witte made a name for himself

47
Q

Why was Russia defeat in Russo-Japanese war

A

Underestimation
Bad planning
Japan’s skill
Bad strategy

48
Q

Effect back home on Russo-Japanese war

A

Revolution 1905?
National humiliation
Caused unrest? Turned protests into a revolution
Support for tsar undermined- pre war tsars position was on shaky ground, post war the series of military disasters portrayed him in a very bad light
Also conscription, government incompetence, taxes to pay for the war…
Apps,it’s of tsar to deal with opposition fatally wounded

49
Q

Zhubatov explained

A

Police chief of Moscow
Also name for government controlled trade unions
Police socialism - moderating radicals (and monitoring them) or just putting all the radicals in one room together?
The assembly of Russia factor workers = 1903 8000 membership

50
Q

Father Gapon

A

Russian Orthodox Church
Put in charge of St Petersburg Zhubatov
Turned native?

51
Q

Putilov Steel works 1905 revolution

A 
Biggest factory in Russian Empire
Jan 1905 - 4 workers sacked 
Father Gapon took up their cause
Marched to the Winter Palace with a petition loyal to the tsar asking humbly...
Family day out....
52
Q

Petition presented by Father Gapon terms

A

Economic:
-8 hour working day
-free trade unions away from secret police
-improved work conditions, pay, equality for women, medical care
Political:
-call for elections to a constituent assembly
-free speech, press, association, religion

53
Q

Course of the petition presented by father Gapon

A 
Appealed to Putilov steel management
Local government
Factory inspectors
Striked in January (110 000)
150 000 marched on the Winter Palace (minister of interior had advised tsar not to be at home)
54
Q

What went wrong causing Bloody Sunday

A

Police panicked and fired on the unarmed protestors
Government says 84 dead
Average history book says +1000 dead
Shark: ‘it did the most to undermine the allegiance of the common people to the throne’
Gapon: ‘there is no God any longer. There is no Tsar’

55
Q

Causes of the 1905 revolution brief

A

Failed war
Poor government - heavy taxation , no leadership, bureaucracy, corruption, incompetent,
This is shown by how quickly the country recovered - they weren’t bent on revolution as were easily appeased by October manifesto
Industrial workers badly treated
Peasantry = land hunger
Middle class becoming more and more opinionated

56
Q

5 brief types of disorder following Bloody Sunday

A 
Strikes
Countryside
Armed forces
National minorities
Middle class
57
Q

Middle class disorder 1905

A

Union of unions (constituent assembly demands, became the Kadet party)
Zemstva

58
Q

National minorities disorder 1905

A

Georgia declared itself independent
Poles demanded autonomy
Jews pressed for equal rights
Lots of bloodshed…

59
Q

Armed forces disorder 1905

A

Summer 1905 many mutinies in Ar,y and navy as much of them were peas mats refusing to shoot or their own kind
Prince Potemkin boat in Black Sea = mutiny (protest by sailors at conditions)
-sailors elected Vakulenchuk to talk to captain
-captain ordered to have him shot
-crew mutinied
-sailed to Odessa
-hailed as champions
-troops gunned down civilians = Potemkin back to sea them dispersed
Problem = end of Russo-Japanese war then soldiers coming home join revolution? Witte if this happens ‘them everything would collapse’

60
Q

Countryside disorder 1905 revolution

A

Small local uprisings
Lang hunger
,Amy peasants also workers so revolutionary ideas spread

61
Q

Strikes 1905 disorder

A

Wave after Bloody Sunday, then drifted back to work

October = general strike resulting in October manifesto

62
Q

Soviets 1905 disorder

A

Soviet = a council made up of elected representatives, began as strike committee (st Petersburg) but had potential to turn to political agitators

63
Q

1905 government reaction brief

A

August manifesto
October manifesto
Fundamental laws

64
Q

August manifesto how it came about

A

Bloody Sunday Nicholas = naive and didn’t see how cusping on revolution Russia was and wanted to use force
Eventually agreed to concessions
Bulygin constitution or August manifesto

65
Q

Terms of August manifesto

A

New elected assembly = Duma

  • purely advisory
  • powerless
  • complex electoral system favouring peasants
66
Q

Reaction to August manifesto

A

Most liberals unimpressed as fell a long way short of their demands
Most opposition dismissed it
Some ultramodern liberals thought it was an okay basis for further negotiation

67
Q

October manifesto background

A

Choice for Nicholas military vs power concessions
Military not loyal enough
Witte = ‘chairman of the Council of Ministers’ PM
Paralysed by a general strike

68
Q

What was in the October manifesto

A

Freedom of speech, association, religion, trade unions. Political parties
Duma with real power = legislative Duma
Greater universal male suffrage
November peasant mortgages reduced them abolished

69
Q

Liberals view to October manifesto

A

Moderates welcomed as balance of autocracy against mob rule
But radical liberals still wanted elected assembly to create a new constitution
Distrust in government

70
Q

Peasant view on October manifesto

A

Still a little u rest

But happy as mortgages reduced then gone

71
Q

Industrial workers view on October manifesto

A

General strike called off
Not all impressed
Moscow uprisings

72
Q

Positive recovery of the tsar after 1905 revolution

A

End of 1905 stronger than during general strike
Octoberist support, liberals now divided
Biggest threat of industrial workers either back at work or crushed
Armed forces ish, nobility and orthodoxy remained loyal
Black hundreds, Union of the Russian people = helped and supported tsarism
Tsarist regime had regained its confidence : Moscow uprisings crushed, new electoral laws with very influential landowners

73
Q

Negative recovery of the tsar after 1905 revolution

A

Still disorder I countryside and within national minorities
Pre1905 tsar lower = unlimited, now constitution and Duma? Nicholas’ biggest regret?
Trade unions and parties legal, can now be openly critical of Tsarism…

74
Q

Ideology of the Social Revolutionaries

A

Chernov = theoretician
didn’t want politics to be dominated by wealthy, central power
distinct form of socialism: Russia = unique as
-vast area
-vast peasant population
-therefore must be a peasant based, not worker based, revolution
wanted vast number of self-governed village communities
-own the land
-collectively farm
-communal rather than individual

75
Q

Foundation of the social revolutionaries

A

populists—–>internal divisions, peasant indifference to middle class, government repression—> Social revolutionary party 1902
Wanted to win peasant support but not an exclusive peasant party (had some worker support)
loose ideology with no uniform views imposed
wide range from old-populists to terrorists

76
Q

members of the SRs and their profession

A

Chernov = lawyer
Mikhail Gots = son of prosperous jewish merchant
Grigory Gershuni = pharmacist
Chatherine Breshko-Beeshovskaya

77
Q

why was the SRs poplar with the peasantry`

A

‘end the bourgeois principle of private ownership by returning the land to those who worked it’

78
Q

nickname of SRs

A

‘little grandmother of the Russian Revolution’

79
Q

Methods of the SRs

A

Violence = legitimate power?..
Influenced by people’s will
most accepted blood would be spilt during revolution (saw this as a sad fact)
Some wanted to use violence to raised the SRs profile = SR Combat Organisation ‘an SR without a bomb is not an SR’
assassination campaign called off in 1908 when Yevno Azef = head of SR combat Organisation = Okhrana agent

80
Q

Social reasons for limited impact of any opposition groups before 1905

A 
Working class was small (1890s only 2% of population)
Low literacy levels (only 21% in 1897 could read)
peasants = scattered with poor infrastructure to reach them
leaders of the revolution = middle class inteligensia and upper class
revolutionary groups = small (around 40/50 000 members each)
81
Q

Division within opposition groups as reasons for limited impact of any opposition groups before 1905

A

Liberals vs socialists = only similarity was wish to overthrow tsarism
Internal divisions within groups = too strong (Liberals MIlyukov too outspoken, Shipov preferred? , SDs = Bolshevik, Menshevik split)
Prospect of what would come next, capitalism, anarchy, communism
use of political violence?

82
Q

Repression reasons for limited impact of any opposition groups before 1905

A 
Pre-1905 political parties = illegal
parties had to operate underground
restricted freedom of speech, assembly, association
Okhrana infiltration = rife
many leaders in exile (eg Lenin)
Use of the army
83
Q

Army statistics for being called to demonstration pre-1905

A

1900 - x33
1901 - x271
1901 - 13 students killed by army in single demonstration
1902 - x500

84
Q

1905 revolution order of events (dw about dates)

A 
Russo-Japanese war
Bloody Sunday
Disorder spreads
Potemkin mutiny
August manifesto
Soviets
October manifesto
Moscow Uprisings
Fundamental Laws
85
Q

When was Russo-Japanese war

A

8th February 1904 - 5th September 1905

86
Q

When was bloody Sunday

A

22nd January 1905

87
Q

Potemkin mutiny date

A

June 1905

88
Q

When was the Moscow Uprisings

A

7th December - 18th December 1905

89
Q

when was October manifesto published

A

30th October 1905

90
Q

When were fundamental laws published

A

23rd April 1906

91
Q

moscow uprisings - what happend

A

7th december 1905
bolsheviks + Mensheviks + SRs = came together under moscow soviet to organise a general strike
attempted to take over the whole city
having crushed st petersburg soviet, tsarist forces took seige to moscow forces
soviet surrendered 18th december
lenin arrives to see it go up in flames
12 days = 1000 deaths

Russia in Revolution (4 decks)

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