Topic 1: Nicholas early rule 1894-1905 Flashcards

Question

okhrana

Answer 1

tsarist's political police force aim: to infiltrate and destroy revolutionary and terrorist networks used informants (SRs & SDS riddled) 1900: 2 500 with 1/3 stationed in Petrograd

Answer 2

russification Russia = unique (distinct language and culture very different from the rest of the western world) therefore western liberal and socialist ideas had no place in Russia and were unrussian

Answer 3

``` late 18th century = Russia took The Kingdom Of Poland 1900: 5 million Jews in Russia Forced to live in the Pale of Settlement discriminatory government policy higher education = severely restricted pogroms ```

Answer 4

Russification (started by Alexander 3) Impose culture and religion on non-Russian minorities Aggressively applied (Poland,Estonia,Latvia) Armenia 1903- property if the Armenian church confiscated, equalled demonstrations, 70 wounded 10 dead Poland and Baltic provinces, Russian language in court and school Lots of money to Orthodox Church in non Russian provinces In bail tic provinces no new Protestant church could be built without gov permission

Answer 5

One person possessing unlimited power No formal checks on power Power derived from the will of God Nichola 2 called reforms 'senses dreams'

Answer 6

``` Russian Orthodox Church Preached obedience to the tsar Spiritual wing of the regime Headed by government agency: Procurator of the Holy Synod 19th century becoming out of touch ```

Answer 7

Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality

Answer 8

'Dark Masses' Prejudice against them in government 4/5 of population Thought could be controlled 'under the whip' and 'safe ignorance' Not enough fertile land available Land shortage and high prices Emancipated 1861 expensive land (high mortgages from land bank to pay off the land owners who had lost out due to emancipation)

Answer 9

Liberals Middle class Revolutionaries Unrest amongst peasants and workers

Answer 10

Zemstva : dealt well with southern famine 1891-92 and wanted a greater voice in national affairs 19the century liberals fast expanding (intelligentsia was the educated middle class often strongly liberal and opposed to tsarist) Industrialists and businessmen tended to be more moderate liberals who only needed minor reform to be kept happy Universities (one protest 13 students dead) Liberation movement- Union of liberation (1904 led a banquet campaign to 'celebrate 40 years of trial by jury in Russia, in reality to gather like minded individuals to discuss and debate, left wing zemstvo plus radicalised students, newspaper liberation printed in Germany, Paul milyukov, secret meeting 1904 in St Petersburg

Answer 11

Social democrats (---> Menshevik Bolshevik split) Social revolutionaries Populists (narodniks 'the people') Peoples will ---> terrorist wing

Answer 12

``` Awful conditions Long hours Harsh discipline Dangerous with frequent injuries Overcrowding Strikes - army called in 300 times 1901, 500 times 1902 ```

Answer 13

Environment (North = poor soil, black earth = erratic climate, often famines) Poor methods (strip farming resulting in wasteage) Peasant outbursts frequent but localised Rarely antigovernment Usually against local landowners

Answer 14

Karl Marx (1818-1883) 1883: liberation of labour group (political exiles including Plekhanov) 1895: merged to form Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad 1895: Union of the struggle for liberation of the working classes (inside Russia, Lenin and martov, aim to radicalised industrial workers inside the city) 1898: Russian social democratic Labour Party (representatives of the many Marxist groups came together under a single banner, Lenin back from Siberia 1900 + martov = leadership, 1900: Iskra)

Answer 15

``` Theory about history and human progress Driven by economic change and conflict between social classes Feudalism Capitalism Communism ```

Answer 16

``` Dominant landowners exploiting the peasantry and subordinate classes Bougeois Revolution (industrialisation creates 2 new social classes gouge oils and the proletariat) bourgeois oust feudalist rich landowners in a revolution ```

Answer 17

Bourgeois become richer and smaller Proletariat become poorer but bigger Immiseration Proletariat revolt against the bourgeoise (proletariat certain to win as they are the many and the bourgeois and the few) Communism! Collective ownership, no class division

Answer 18

``` Party should focus on improving working class conditions as proletariat revolution a long way off Lenin: wanted a revolution and the sooner the better = Leninist Marxism (view of Marxism that suited him?) telescoping the revolution ```

Answer 19

Had been profound ideological differences (Lenin = the development of capitalism in Russia (book 1896), Mensheviks : strict Marxism therefore need to strengthen the trade unions) 1903: meeting in Brussels then moved on to London, 43 delegates, 'personal participation' vs 'regular work' = specific reason for the split..

Answer 20

Russia pursuing expansionist policy in the Far East Obtain an ice free port (port Arthur) Distract from Russia's domestic troubles (Plehve 'we need a small, victorious war to avert revolution) but did Plehve really say that... Witte.. Witte wanted Russia to expand economically into the Far East

Answer 21

Territorial disputes over Manchuria and Korea (long standing) 1904, Russia rejected Japanese proposals to settle Korea Japan opened hostilities by attacking Russian fleet in Port Arthur January 1905 port Arthur falls to jap Russian surrender at Mukden February 1905 Tsushima, Russian fleet destroy instantaneously may 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth 5the September 1905

Answer 22

Loss of Manchuria, Korea and port Arthur to Japan | Witte made a name for himself

Answer 23

Underestimation Bad planning Japan's skill Bad strategy

Answer 24

Revolution 1905? National humiliation Caused unrest? Turned protests into a revolution Support for tsar undermined- pre war tsars position was on shaky ground, post war the series of military disasters portrayed him in a very bad light Also conscription, government incompetence, taxes to pay for the war... Apps,it's of tsar to deal with opposition fatally wounded

Answer 25

Police chief of Moscow Also name for government controlled trade unions Police socialism - moderating radicals (and monitoring them) or just putting all the radicals in one room together? The assembly of Russia factor workers = 1903 8000 membership

Answer 26

Russian Orthodox Church Put in charge of St Petersburg Zhubatov Turned native?

Answer 27

``` Biggest factory in Russian Empire Jan 1905 - 4 workers sacked Father Gapon took up their cause Marched to the Winter Palace with a petition loyal to the tsar asking humbly... Family day out.... ```

Answer 28

Economic: -8 hour working day -free trade unions away from secret police -improved work conditions, pay, equality for women, medical care Political: -call for elections to a constituent assembly -free speech, press, association, religion

Answer 29

``` Appealed to Putilov steel management Local government Factory inspectors Striked in January (110 000) 150 000 marched on the Winter Palace (minister of interior had advised tsar not to be at home) ```

Answer 30

Police panicked and fired on the unarmed protestors Government says 84 dead Average history book says +1000 dead Shark: 'it did the most to undermine the allegiance of the common people to the throne' Gapon: 'there is no God any longer. There is no Tsar'

Answer 31

Failed war Poor government - heavy taxation , no leadership, bureaucracy, corruption, incompetent, This is shown by how quickly the country recovered - they weren't bent on revolution as were easily appeased by October manifesto Industrial workers badly treated Peasantry = land hunger Middle class becoming more and more opinionated

Answer 32

``` Strikes Countryside Armed forces National minorities Middle class ```

Answer 33

Union of unions (constituent assembly demands, became the Kadet party) Zemstva

Answer 34

Georgia declared itself independent Poles demanded autonomy Jews pressed for equal rights Lots of bloodshed...

Answer 35

Summer 1905 many mutinies in Ar,y and navy as much of them were peas mats refusing to shoot or their own kind Prince Potemkin boat in Black Sea = mutiny (protest by sailors at conditions) -sailors elected Vakulenchuk to talk to captain -captain ordered to have him shot -crew mutinied -sailed to Odessa -hailed as champions -troops gunned down civilians = Potemkin back to sea them dispersed Problem = end of Russo-Japanese war then soldiers coming home join revolution? Witte if this happens 'them everything would collapse'

Answer 36

Small local uprisings Lang hunger ,Amy peasants also workers so revolutionary ideas spread

Answer 37

Wave after Bloody Sunday, then drifted back to work | October = general strike resulting in October manifesto

Answer 38

Soviet = a council made up of elected representatives, began as strike committee (st Petersburg) but had potential to turn to political agitators

Answer 39

August manifesto October manifesto Fundamental laws

Answer 40

Bloody Sunday Nicholas = naive and didn't see how cusping on revolution Russia was and wanted to use force Eventually agreed to concessions Bulygin constitution or August manifesto

Answer 41

New elected assembly = Duma - purely advisory - powerless - complex electoral system favouring peasants

Answer 42

Most liberals unimpressed as fell a long way short of their demands Most opposition dismissed it Some ultramodern liberals thought it was an okay basis for further negotiation

Answer 43

Choice for Nicholas military vs power concessions Military not loyal enough Witte = 'chairman of the Council of Ministers' PM Paralysed by a general strike

Answer 44

Freedom of speech, association, religion, trade unions. Political parties Duma with real power = legislative Duma Greater universal male suffrage November peasant mortgages reduced them abolished

Answer 45

Moderates welcomed as balance of autocracy against mob rule But radical liberals still wanted elected assembly to create a new constitution Distrust in government

Answer 46

Still a little u rest | But happy as mortgages reduced then gone

Answer 47

General strike called off Not all impressed Moscow uprisings

Answer 48

End of 1905 stronger than during general strike Octoberist support, liberals now divided Biggest threat of industrial workers either back at work or crushed Armed forces ish, nobility and orthodoxy remained loyal Black hundreds, Union of the Russian people = helped and supported tsarism Tsarist regime had regained its confidence : Moscow uprisings crushed, new electoral laws with very influential landowners

Answer 49

Still disorder I countryside and within national minorities Pre1905 tsar lower = unlimited, now constitution and Duma? Nicholas' biggest regret? Trade unions and parties legal, can now be openly critical of Tsarism...

Answer 50

Chernov = theoretician didn't want politics to be dominated by wealthy, central power distinct form of socialism: Russia = unique as -vast area -vast peasant population -therefore must be a peasant based, not worker based, revolution wanted vast number of self-governed village communities -own the land -collectively farm -communal rather than individual

Answer 51

populists----->internal divisions, peasant indifference to middle class, government repression---> Social revolutionary party 1902 Wanted to win peasant support but not an exclusive peasant party (had some worker support) loose ideology with no uniform views imposed wide range from old-populists to terrorists

Answer 52

Chernov = lawyer Mikhail Gots = son of prosperous jewish merchant Grigory Gershuni = pharmacist Chatherine Breshko-Beeshovskaya

Answer 53

'end the bourgeois principle of private ownership by returning the land to those who worked it'

Answer 54

'little grandmother of the Russian Revolution'

Answer 55

Violence = legitimate power?.. Influenced by people's will most accepted blood would be spilt during revolution (saw this as a sad fact) Some wanted to use violence to raised the SRs profile = SR Combat Organisation 'an SR without a bomb is not an SR' assassination campaign called off in 1908 when Yevno Azef = head of SR combat Organisation = Okhrana agent

Answer 56

``` Working class was small (1890s only 2% of population) Low literacy levels (only 21% in 1897 could read) peasants = scattered with poor infrastructure to reach them leaders of the revolution = middle class inteligensia and upper class revolutionary groups = small (around 40/50 000 members each) ```

Answer 57

Liberals vs socialists = only similarity was wish to overthrow tsarism Internal divisions within groups = too strong (Liberals MIlyukov too outspoken, Shipov preferred? , SDs = Bolshevik, Menshevik split) Prospect of what would come next, capitalism, anarchy, communism use of political violence?

Answer 58

``` Pre-1905 political parties = illegal parties had to operate underground restricted freedom of speech, assembly, association Okhrana infiltration = rife many leaders in exile (eg Lenin) Use of the army ```

Answer 59

1900 - x33 1901 - x271 1901 - 13 students killed by army in single demonstration 1902 - x500

Answer 60

``` Russo-Japanese war Bloody Sunday Disorder spreads Potemkin mutiny August manifesto Soviets October manifesto Moscow Uprisings Fundamental Laws ```

Answer 61

8th February 1904 - 5th September 1905

Answer 62

22nd January 1905

Answer 63

7th December - 18th December 1905

Answer 64

30th October 1905

Answer 65

23rd April 1906

Answer 66

7th december 1905 bolsheviks + Mensheviks + SRs = came together under moscow soviet to organise a general strike attempted to take over the whole city having crushed st petersburg soviet, tsarist forces took seige to moscow forces soviet surrendered 18th december lenin arrives to see it go up in flames 12 days = 1000 deaths