topic 2 Flashcards
Monosaccharides
A single sugar monomer, all of which are reducing sugars
Monomer
one of the many molecules that form polymer
Disaccharides
A sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction
Polymer
Formed from repeating monomers through polymerisation
Macromolecule
Very large molecules
High molecular mass
Polysaccharides
A polymer formed by many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction
Glycosidic bond
covalent chemical bonds that link ring-shaped sugar molecules to other molecules like:
Role of covalent bond in forming polymers
by sharing electrons between the monomers, effectively linking them into a long chain structure; this process is called polymerization
Reducing sugars vs non reducing sugars
Reducing sugars can be oxidised
non-reducing sugars cannot
Examples of reducing sugars
fructose glucose maltose
Examples of non reducing sugar
Sucrose
Glucose functions [3]
1) Can accumulate in cells
2) Disrupt osmotic balance (The regulation of water and salt levels)
3)Needs to be converted into insoluble storage form
Starch in plant
Glycogen in animal
Starch- Amylose [3]
1) Straight chains but curvy
2) Alpha C1+C4
3) Contains hydrogen bonds
Starch- Amylopectin [3]
1) Branch chains and shorter
2) Branching pattern allows many ends to attach/detach glucose molecules
3) Alpha C1+C4 & C1+C6
Glycogen [4]
1) Similar structures to amylopectin but shorter branches
2) More compact
3) Faster hydrolysis (the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.)
4) Alpha C1+C4 & C1+C6
Cellulose [3]
1) Long unbranched chains linked by H- bonds -> form strong microfibrils -> Resistance to hydrolysis
2) Beta C1+C4
3) OH group at top next monomer rotate 180 (more strength)
functions of sugars [6]
1) Immediate substrate for respiration
2) Energy store
3) Structural components
4) Metabolite
5) Cell-cell attachment
6) Transport
Why can’t lipids cross cell surface membrane [2]
1) It is too large
2) needs to be broken down into fatty acids and glycerols
test for non-reducing sugars [4]
1) Boil with hydrochloric acid
2) Add alkali to neutralise the solution
3) heat with benedict’s solution
4) Colour change to red
Maltose structure [2]
1) a 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Disaccharide
Sucrose structure [2]
1) a 1,2 glycosidic bond
2) Disaccharide
Cellulose structure [2]
1) b 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Polysaccharide
Amylose structure [2]
1) a 1,4 glycosidic bond
2) Polysaccharide
Amylopectin structure [2]
1) a 1,4 and a 1,6
2) Polysaccharide
2 types of isomers
1) Alpha glucose
2) beta glucose
Why is it important that a-glucose and b-glucose are different [2]
1) A-glucose is respiratory (provides energy)
2) B-glucose is structural (Like cellulose etc)
Bonds between carbonhydrates
Glycosidic bonds
Why is lipid used as an energy storage [3]
1) Doesn’t dissolve in water therefore doesn’t affect osmotic balance
2) Used for insulation
3) Can hold more energy
Bonds in triglyceride and phospholipids
Ester bond
Draw the structure of a phospholipid
Draw the structure of a triglyceride
Explain the structure of a phospholipid [2]
1) Polar head hydrophilic
2) Non-polar tail hydrophobic
Draw the peptide bond and label what R is
R is Rest of the molecules, such as methyl group or hydrogen
Draw the diagram of a primary protein structure
Draw the diagram of a secondary protein structure
Draw the diagram of a tertiary protein structure and describe [3]
1) Polypeptide chains
2) Folded extensively into a compact structure
Draw the diagram of a quaternary protein structure
What gives a protein high tensile strength (Capacity to be stretched)
Hydrogen bonds because they are strong and stable
3 Types of bond that hold tertiary protein structure together
Ionic
hydrogen
Disulfide
Give example of protein with tertiary structure
Haemoglobin
Explain how triglyercerides form [3]
1) 3 fatty acid combine with glycerol
2) each hydroxyl group of glycerol undergoes a condensation reaction with a fatty acid
3) 3 ester bonds
Functions of protein [3]
1) Act as enzyme
2) Allow for passage of water soluble substances
3) Invovled in cell recognition
Functions of phospholipids [2]
1) Forms the phospholipid bilayer to control the entry and exit of substances
2) cell signaling
A= Phosphate
B= Glycerol
Secondary structure
Bonds in
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Peptide
What type of structure do proteins which act as enzymes possess?
Tertiary structure
What type of structure does the globin of haemoglobin possess?
Quaternary
what is glycogen made of
Alpha glucose
Amylose vs amylopectin
Amylose is linear
Amylopectin is branched chains
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
