Cell structure & Microscope Flashcards
Topic 1
Resolution
To distinguish two separate points on an image as two separate objects
Magnification
Number of times a real life specimen have been enlarged to give a bigger view of the image
Light microscope [2]
1) Low resolution because of long wavelengths of light
2) Coloured images and organisms are alive
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
1) High magnification and resolution (electron shorter wavelength)
2) electrons pass through inside organism’s structure to make image (must be dead)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
1) High magnification and resolution
2) Electrons bounce off the surface of organism to show 3D image
Compare magnification vs resolution [2]
1) Low resolution in light microscopes because of long light wavelength
2) High resolution and magnification in electron microscope because of short electron wavelength
1mm to micrometers
1000micrometer
1mm to cm
x10
1mm to nanometers
1,000,000nm
Cell surface membrane [3]
1) regulate nutrient and waste transport in and out of cell
2) Very thin
3) Double phospholipid layers
Structures inside nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Contains DNA which gets arranged into chromosomes
Nuclear envelop
Nucleus membrane and have lots of pores so: mRNA and ribosomes can travel out of nucleus, enzymes and signaling molecules can move in
Nucleolus [2]
1) Site of ribosome production
2) Made of protein, RNA, DNA, and ribosome synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum [4]
1) Continuous folds of membrane linked with nuclear envelope
2) Surface of RER is covered in ribosomes
3) To process proteins that are produced in ribosome
4) Makes enzymes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum [2]
1) No ribosomes on the surface
2) Production of lipids and steroid hormones
Golgi body [3]
1) Series of flattened sacs of membrane
2) Modify protein and package them into vesicles
3) Cell delivery center
Mitochondria [2]
1) Nutrient rich matrix liquid in centre
2) Cellular respiration G-> ATP
Cytoplasm [3]
1) Jelly-like matrix contains lots of water
2) Contains organelles, sugars, and proteins for growth and reproduction
3) Aid material movement, cell shape, and organelle network
Cellular respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
ATP
Ribosome [2]
1) 20nm in diameter Pro, 25nm in diameter Euk
2) Protein synthesis RNA->proteins
Lysosome [4]
1) Digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes, endocytosis
2) Rid waste products
3) exocytosis, release content of lysosome out of cell
4) Self digestion
Centrioles [3]
1) Only in animal cells
2) Microtubules (tubulin protein, hollow)
3) Organizes spindle fibers
Spindle fibers
Protein structures that divide genetic materials in a cell
Microtubules [2]
1) Cytoskeleton
2) Tubulin protein -> dimer -> protofilament
Cilia [3]
1) Animal and protist cells (not plant cells)
2) Thin and made of protein microtubules
3) Move/transport fluid
Microvilli [3]
1) Very small finger-like extension
2) Increase surface area
3) Absorption/ secretion
Flagellum [3]
1) Animal and protist cells (not plant cells)
2) Thin and long at the rear end of cells
3) For movement
Chloroplast [2]
1) Chlorophyll
2) Photosynthesis
Cell wall [2]
1) Supports structure and protects cells
2) Cellulose fibres
Plasmodesmata [2]
1) channels of cytoplasm between plant cells
2) material transport and communication between plant cells
Vacuole in animal cells [2]
1) Several small vacuole
2) Can contain nutrients, water, or waste
Vacuole in plant cells [3]
1) Large permanent vacuole
2) Store water and push against cell wall
3) Keeps plant rigid
4 types of cells
Animal
Plant
Virus
Bacteria
Animal cell [2]
1) Plasma membrane enclose membrane bound nucleus and organelles
2) Small vacuoles
Plant cell [4]
1) Plasma membrane enclose membrane bound nucleus and organelles
2) rigid cell wall
3) central vacuole
4) chloroplast
Bacteria [2]
1) No nucleus
2) No organelles except ribosomes
Virus [4]
1) Not living
2) Not considered consisting of cells
3) Yes genetic material (RNA DNA)
4) Similar to all living things
Prokaryotes (typical bacteria) [8]
1) No membrane
2) No nucleus
3) Unicellular
4) diameter=~1-5micrometers
5)70S ribosomes
6) Circular DNA
7) Peptidoglycan cell walls
8) No ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
Eukaryotes [7]
1) 10-100 micrometers
2)Many membrane bound organelles
3) Yes nucleus
4) Yes ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
5)Linear DNA in chromosome in nucleus
6)Plant cellulose cell wall
7)Cytoplasm 80s and mitochondria/chloroplast 70s
Viral structural features
1) nucleis acid core DNA or RNA (Code viral proteins to replicate)
2) Capsid protective coat of proteins
Capsid
Protein shell around virus’s genetic materials
How is a mitochondria adapted to its function [2]
1) Folded inner membranes to increase surface area
2) Inner membrane have lots of enzymes needed for aerobic respiration
Chromatin
Chromosomes are made from chromatin. Consists of DNA, proteins, and small amounts of RNA
Protoplasm
All living materials within a cell (cytoplasm plus nucleus)
Plasmodesmata
Pore like structure found in plant cells allowing the passage of materials from one cell to another cell
Tonoplast
Partially permeable membrane that is around a plant vacuole
Grana
Stacks of membrane inside a chloroplast
cristae
folds of inner membrane inside mitochondrial envelop
ADP
ATP breaks down molecule to ADP to release energy
Microtubules
Makes up of the cytoskeleton to determine cell shape, its hollow, long and rigid tubes
Cillia
Movement of liquid across cell surface
Thylakoid
Flattened, membrane bound, fluid filled sac in chloroplast
thylakoid vs grana
Grana are the stacks of thylakoid
Vacuole [3]
1) Supports the cell structure
2) Storage of food
3) Some waste products can be stored
label the mitochondria
label the nucleus
label the chloroplast
