Topic 2 Flashcards
Basic Kinds of Behavior and Learning
What are the two types of Unlearned Behaviours?
Innate and Reflex
What is an Innate Behaviour?
something inborn or naturally occurring
What is a Reflex when considering behaviour?
Stimulus-response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates that behavior that happens automatically
Reflex arc = unlearned
What is an Elicited Behaviour
Occurs in response to environmental stimuli
Examples:
- Pupils constrict when exposed to bright light
- Withdrawal response to touching something hot
- Food in mouth elicits salivation
- Sneeze if particle of dust enters your nose
What is Adaptive Value of Elicited Behaviour?
Can contribute to survival and well-being
Examples:
- Eye blink reflex
- Withdrawal reflex
- Gag reflex
- Orientation toward stimulation in infants
- Respiratory-occlusion reflex in infants
What are the Modal Actiob Patterns (MAP)?
- Species-typical response patterns or “instincts”; genetically programmed
- Rather than single actions., a sequence of behaviours
- Often associated with fitness-related tasks/events
What is the Sign Stimulus?
aka releasing stimulus
Features necessary to elicit the response
What is Supernormal Stimulus?
exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response
What are the different types of learning?
- Event-alone learning
- Event-event learning
- Behaviour-event learning
- Social learning
- Observational learning
What does Event-alone learning constitute?
Habituation and senstization
What is Habituation?
process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
- Highly specific to the stimulus producing it
- Biological mechanism of habituation discovered by Eric Kandel in the sea slug, Aplysia
What is sensory adaotation?
not habiituation
Reduction in sensitivity of the sense organs caused by repeated stimulation
What is fatigue?
decrease in behaviour due to repeated or excessive use of muscles
What is sensitization?
Increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus
not specific to one stimulus and can result from repeated presence.
What are characteristics of event-event learning?
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
Form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus
- Behaviours are elicited (brought about by) antecedent stimuli
- Conditioning process involves manipulation of antecedent stimuli
What are characteristics of Behaviour-event learning?
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour
E.L. Thorndikes Law of Effect
Satisfaction = stamping in
Discomfort = stamping out
Differences between Operant vs Classical
- Operant Behaviours: Controlled by their consequences
- Classical Behaviours: Controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli
- Operant conditioning: involves the manipulation of consequences
- Classical conditioning: Involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli
What are characteristics of social learning?
Observational learning: we understand what to do by watching others
A. Bandura: studied kindergarten students to establish
What is Vicarious Conditioning?
Occurs by an organism watching another organism (a model) be conditioned
Define Elcitis
brings about
Define Stimulus
anything in the environment that (a) we can detect, (b) is measurable, and © can evoke a response or behaviour
Define Association
Association:
define Acqusition
ime while an associate is being learned
What is Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
Biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it
Food; pain
