TOPIC 2 Flashcards
type of eukaryotic cell that lacks a cell wall and has a true, membrane-bound nucleus along with other cellular organelles
ANIMAL CELL
The lack of a rigid _____ allowed animals to develop a greater diversity of cell types, tissues, and organs.
cell wall
Most animal cells are ____, meaning that their chromosomes exist in homologous pairs.
diploid
In instances of sexual reproduction, the
cellular process of _____ is first necessary so that haploid daughter cells, or gametes, can be produced.
meiosis
The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an _____
extracellular matrix
triple helix of protein known as
collagen
Plant and fungal cells are bound together in tissues or aggregations by other molecules, such as _____.
pectin
Are found in the Kingdom Monera, the bacteria. They are usually very small with a relatively simple internal structure.
Prokaryotic Cells
Are found in the four of the five kingdoms of life. These are: K. Protista, K. Fungi, K. Plantae and K. Animalia
Eukaryotic Cells
1665, He published Micrographia, a book with descriptions of the organisms he
viewed under the recently invented microscope.
Robert Hooke
The invention of the _____ led to the discovery of the cell by Hooke.
microscope
The classical cell theory was proposed by _____ in 1839.
Theodor Schwann
Absent
in Prokaryotic, Present in Eukaryotic
Nuclear Membrane
Single, composed only of nucleic acid in Prokaryotes.
Multiple, composed of nucleic acid
of nucleic acid
& protein in Eukaryotes
Chromosome
Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum,
Lysosomes
Absent in Prokaryotes, Present in Eukaryotes
Absent but same function
performed by plasma membrane in Prokaryotes, Present in Eukaryotes
Mitochondria
May contain chlorophyll but not contained in chloroplasts (Prokaryotes).
Chlorophyll, when present, contained in chloroplasts (Eukaryotes)
Photosynthetic Apparatus
Small in Prokaryotes
Large in Eukaryotes
Ribosomes
Usually absent in Prokaryotes
Present in Eukaryotes
Microtubules
Lack 9+2 tubular structures (prokaryotes)
Have 9+2 tubular structures (eukaryotes)
Flagella
Does not occur in Prokaryotes
May occur in Eukaryotes
Cytoplasmic streaming
or amoeboid movement
Contain murein (Prokaryotes)
When present, does not contain
murein
(Eukaryotes)
Cell Wall
states that cells are the basic units of life. These parts were based on a conclusion made by Schwann and _____ in 1838, after comparing their observations of
plant and animal cells.
Matthias Schleiden
states that cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied, was described by _____ in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from
cells).
Rudolf Virchow
first observed red blood cells, sperm, and “animalcules” in pond water using high quality single lenses.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
A typical animal cell consists of three components:
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
All living cells have a _____ that encloses their contents.
plasma membrane
In prokaryotes, the ____ is the inner layer of protection surrounded by a rigid cell wall. These also regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the cells.
membrane
A highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell
NUCLEUS
The entire nucleus is enclosed by a _____ which encloses and protects the nucleus.
nuclear membrane
the most conspicuous organelle enclosed within two membranes to form the double-layered nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane), separating its contents from the cytoplasm
Nucleus
is organized along with proteins into materials called chromatin
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
during reproduction condenses, becomes thick enough to be discerned as separate structures called chromosomes
Chromatin
The _____ bear the genes, the basic units of heredity.
chromosomes
dark-stained bodies which are the most visible structures within the non-dividing
nucleus which synthesizes molecular ingredients of ribosomes
Nucleoli
This is the entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
surrounding the cell.
CYTOPLASM
organelles suspended in a semi-fluid medium
cytosol
are self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of
microtubules and are found only in animal cells
CENTRIOLES
is a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein
RIBOSOMES
are suspended in the cytosol and proteins function within the cytosol
free ribosomes
are attached to the outside membranes of the ER and proteins are destined either for inclusion into membranes, packaging within certain organelles and export from the cell
bound ribosomes
is the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS
oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell
MITOCHONDRIA
the catabolic process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen
cellular respiration
self-replicating and have tiny chromosomes containing DNA
cristae
are membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the
cell uses to digest macromolecules
LYSOSOMES
The main function of lysosomes is ______.
intracellular digestion
a process that recycle the cell’s own organic material
autophagy
are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane.
Microbodies
There are several types of microbodies but _____ are the most common. These contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
Peroxisomes
are membrane-bound vesicles, formed
via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, and found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell.
Endosomes
The basic mechanism of endocytosis is the reverse of
what occurs during _____ or cellular secretion.
Exocytosis
Most of the organelles are attached to a network of protein fibers, the _____.
Several types of protein fibers including thick microtubules, medium-sized intermediate filaments, and thin microfilaments make up the ____. These provide support and maintain the form of the cell, and in many cells, they provide a means of locomotion and translocation of organelles within the cells.
cytoskeleton
These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support.
MICROTUBULES
They radiate out from a microtubule organizing center called the ______ .
centrosome
Within the centrosome are found a pair of ______, which are themselves composed of microtubules
centrioles
These are solid rods made of globular proteins called
actin, primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton.
MICROFILAMENTS
are a very broad class of fibrous proteins that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the
cytoskeleton. Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers, it functions as tension-bearing elements to help maintain cell shape and rigidity
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
In multicellular organisms, _____ function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.
Cilia
Most cells contain sacs called _____, that are bounded by a single membrane. These are membrane-enclosed cavities filled with either fluid or granular material.
VACUOLES
vacuoles that expel excess water and wastes from the cell
contractile vacuoles
vacuoles contain food particles
Food vacuoles
discovered the first cell part, the cell wall
Robert Hooke (1665)
viewed some living cells and found that they had contents and named the material “sarcode”, a term which was later changed to
“protoplasm”.
Felix Dujardin (1835)
coined the term protoplasm for the fluid substance of a cell
Johannes Evangelist Purkinje (1839)
coined the term protoplasm which refers to the actual living matter of the cell
Hugo von Mohl (1846)
discovered and described mitochondria
Robert Altmann (1886)
first saw golgi apparatus in nerve cells
Camillo Golgi (1898)
discovered endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Keith Porter (1945)
discovered lysosomes
Christian De Duve (1952)
discovered ribosomes of the ER
George Emil Palade (1955)
