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GCSE History (MEDICINE) > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Renaissance?

A

literally “rebirth”, scholars looked back at ANCIENT ROME AND GREEK works. They encouraged observation questioning the work of old ideas.

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2
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

It is based on carefully OBSERVING, QUESTIONING and EXPERIMENTING.

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3
Q

Give 2 changes that the Renaissance did to health:

A
  • Introduced Scientific Method.- Microscope and new inventions.
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4
Q

What did Vesalius say about anatomy?

A

Anatomy was the key to understanding how the body works.

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5
Q

What was Vesalius’ book called and what did it do?154…

A

“De Humani Corpons Fabrica” in 1543 which changed the attitudes to medicine.

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6
Q

How was Pare trained?

A

Apprenticed to his elder brother a barber surgeon. He learned much of his skill as an army surgeon.

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7
Q

What happened in 1536 to Pare?

A

He ran out of hot oil so he used Galen’s method of ligatures to seal wounds. (cut of blood supply to stop bleeding).

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8
Q

Give 2 ways war caused the most change:

A
  • Pare running out of oil improved survival rates.- Brought in the idea of experimenting and seeing good results.
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9
Q

Give 2 ways scientific method caused the most change:

A
  • Started looking closely at anatomy.- Amputations (cut of a limb).
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10
Q

How might Leanordo de Vinci have found out about anatomy?

A

He began to study corpses to help and accurately draw humans. Then he began dissecting parts to see how muscles worked.

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11
Q

How does Leanordo de Vinci dissections show the changing attitudes during the Renaissance?

A

Began to change attitudes of dissection.

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12
Q

What did drawings help surgeons to do?

A

Helped them in surgeries so they know where to return a broken bone etc.

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13
Q

What effect did the Renaissance have on the work of Galen at first?

A

Galen’s work translated into GREEK AND LATIN making him even more important.

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14
Q

Why did attitudes to Galen’s views change?

A
  • Things he said couldn’t be found e.g. he saw jaw had 2 bones by looking at monkeys and people like anatomists proved him wrong.
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15
Q

How did the medical work become split?

A

-People who supported Galen (physicians).-Surgeons and scientists etc, who used dissections.

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16
Q

Give 3 points about William Harvey:1602,09, 28

A

1) 1602 - he came to England and set up as a physician.2) 1609 - accepted at St Barthomlomew’s hospitals.3) FAMOUS BOOK “MOTION OF THE HEART” which challenged Galen. 1628

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17
Q

What did William Harvey show?

A

If he put his finger on his vein, the blood stopped.

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18
Q

How did people react to William Harvey’s ideas?

A
  • People who supported Galen rejected him and said he couldn’t see capillaries.- LOST SO MUCH PATIENTS IN 1628.- 60 years later capillaries were observed.
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19
Q

How was William Harvey able to prove that blood circulated around the human body?

A
  • his work on amphibions showed blood ppumping.- he found the heart was the centre of the body because it was a pump.- theoretical work about capillaries, knew they existed but couldn’t see him.
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20
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham say about diseases?

A

They have different characteristics so require unique treatments.

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21
Q

What did Thomas Sydenham say about medical books?

A

They aren’t good to learn from. MONITERING and scientific method is better.

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22
Q

How was Thomas Sydenham trained?166….

A
  • educated at oxford and cambridge uni.- 1663 set up as a physician in london.
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23
Q

How did Thomas Sydenham believe AGUA (malaria) should be treated?

A

Used chinchona bark from the tropical rainforests of South America.

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24
Q

How did Thomas Sydenham believe smallpox should be treated?

A

“cool therapy”prescribing lots of fluids, very moderate bleeding and keeping the patient as cool as possible.

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25
Q

Views of Thomas Sydenham at the time:

A
  • some hailed him.- most thought he was eccentric.
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26
Q

Who was Samuel Pepys?165…

A

26 MARCH 1658He went in a succesful operation to remove a stone from his bladder. Celebrates it every year.

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27
Q

Who was Fanny Burney?1811

A

1811 SURGERY TO REMOVE A BREAST.She was traumatised.

28
Q

Surgical Skills did improve.Explain this using William Cheselden:172…

A

He could remove a bladder stone in a minuite IN 1720 AT St Thomas’ hospital.

29
Q

Why was speed important in surgery?

A

Because there was no reliable anasthetic.

30
Q

What was used for pain relief?

A

Alcohol and Opium.

31
Q

What happened in the 1700’s in the status and training of surgeons?

A

More than half of the practising doctors seem to have served as an apprenticeship for 4-7years.

32
Q

Give 2 rules that was introduced for surgeons by the ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS (1745):

A

-surgeons could only practice with a license.-no person could practice as a surgeon within 7miles of London unless examined by the college.

33
Q

What rule was introduced by the ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEON in 1811?in 1813?

A

1811 - To be a surgeon you had to have attended at least one course in surgery.1813 - Surgeons had to have a minimum of one years experience in a hospital.

34
Q

How do the rules put in place by the ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS show progress in the practice of surgery?

A

Surgeons were more experienced and qualified so they were less likely to make mistakes putting someone’s life at risk.

35
Q

In london 1665 there was a major e—— of the p—– more than 100,000 died.

A

1) epidemic.2) plague.

36
Q

Give 3 evidence of continuity in LONDON 1347 - 1665:

A

1) Many people still followed Galen’s idea on the 4 humours and blood letting was common.2) Herbal remedies were still used.3) Still no anasthetic in Surgery.

37
Q

Give 3 evidence of change in LONDON 1347-1665:

A

1) Quackery medicine.2) Religion was less important, scientific method introduced.3) New ideas - Harvey, Pare.

38
Q

What did Lady Johanna se John do?

A

Had a recipe book of cures. She grew many of the herbs in the walled garden of Lydiard House. Collected succesful remedies and made them into medicine.

39
Q

What did Nicholas Culpepper publish?What were his ideas based on?165…

A

“Complete Herbal” in 1653 in attempt to help people and deprive physicians of “inflated fees”.Combined herbal remedies with Doctrine of Signatures and Astrology.

40
Q

Give 3 examples of ingredients from around the world:

A

1) Rhubarb “wonder drug” ASIA.2) Tobacco NORTH AMERICA by Walter Raleigh despite JAMES 1 famous book about negatives. HELPED PREVENT PLAGUE.3) Opium CHINA.

41
Q

There was an increase in Quacks in the 1800’s.What was a quack?

A

People that sold/invented medicine fully understanding that they did not work and if it did work, it was an accident.

42
Q

Who was Quack medicine sold by?

A

Itinerant salesmen who had moved on before people realised it didn’t work.

43
Q

What was DAFFYS ELIXIR?164…

A

An example of Quack medicine.Invented by a Leicestershire clergyman in 1647.

44
Q

What did DAFFYS ELIXIR claim to do?

A

Cured fits, consumption, fits, worms etc.

45
Q

Give some examples of ingrediants in Quack medicine:

A

Raisins, brandy, fennel seeds, parsley, rhubarbs etc.”it will do you no harm” was the best people could say about Quackery medicine.Recent research shows some of those ingrediants were good laxatives and cause constipation.

46
Q

How were Quacks able to sell their medicines?174…

A
  • depending on charisma and charm.-advertising in newspapers.- A royal PATENT given by King Georgell in 1747.
47
Q

What happens to the number of hospitals in Britain in the 1700’s?

A

Decreased bcause by 1540 monasteries were closed. VOLUNTARY hospitals replaced them and ran on money from inheritances and subscriptions.

48
Q

Why did Thomas Coram set up the Foundling hospital in London in 174…?

A

1741 to provide care for abandoned children. Was shocked by the sight of so many children left on the streets.

49
Q

How was the FOUNDLING hospital paid for?

A

Thomas Coram spent over 10 years collecting funds to build the new hospital, raising money.

50
Q

How was the FOUNDLING hospital run?

A

Babies were chosen by a form of lottery, they arranged for foster families until 5years then brought to be educated in hospital until 15 - being trained for domestic or military service.

51
Q

Give 3 differences between Medieval hospitals and Voluntary hospitals:

A

1) Not a religious place.2) Funded.3) Began to impent new ways to treat the sick.

52
Q

Who was John Floyer? 169…

A

First to identify the cause of Asthma. 1698Cure - clean air and good diet.

53
Q

Who was Jane Sharp?1671

A

1671 BOOK “The MidWives”Combined medical knowledge with personal anecdotes.Argued midwives should only be women.

54
Q

Who was James Lind?1753

A

1753 Cure for Scurvy.Scurvy was common on long voyages deprived from fruits and veg. Killed more men than war.Cure - Drink Limejuice to stop catching it.

55
Q

Who was Robert Burton?1621

A

1621 Study on mental illness.Blamed a lack of exercise, excessive pleasure, too much studying for Melanchody.Cure - fresh air, music, laughter, exercise.

56
Q

Who was George Chayne?172….

A

1724 An essay on HEALTH AND LONG LIFE.Obesity caused by poor lifestyle, people should take responsibility for their own health instead of relying on doctors.

57
Q

Explain the MMR scare in 1998:

A

1998 - Dr Andrew Wakefield suggested that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Many people distrusted all vaccines.

58
Q

Explain Lady Mary Montague’s role in SMALLPOX & INOCULATION:

A

1721 - Lady Mary Montagu came across inoculation - a mild form of smallpox being introduced in struck made between a finger and a thumb. This made people immune to the stronger version. She tried it on her kids during an epidemic and it worked.

59
Q

Explain Edward Jenner’s role in developing a smallpox vaccination:

A

1) Jenner heard that milkmaids who got cowpox never got smallpox. 2) Tested it on James Phipps and it was true.3) 1797 - he wrote a paper to the Royal Society and they said he needed proof.4) Experimented again.5) 1798 - book “ An inquiry into the causes and effects of the varioa vaccine”

60
Q

Explain the impact of vaccination on smallpox:

A

1853 - made compulsory.1887 - death rates fell dramatically and killers such as polio, whooping cough and measles were eliminated through vaccines.

61
Q

Give some points about Child Bed Fever:

A

Infant mortality and maternal mortality was high - women often died during childbirth and caught it. Due to lack of hygiene and poor medical knowledge.

62
Q

What role did Alexander Gordon have in CHILD BED FEVER?

A

He noticed that women in outlying villages who were treated by the wise women or midwives rarely caught child bed fever whereas women treated by doctors or midwives who moved from patient to patient got it.

63
Q

What was ALEXANDER GORDON’s conclusion when it came to CHILD BED FEVER?

A

He proposed medical practitioners wash the close frequently and wash their hands in chlorinated water to try and limit the spread of diseases. Published his results in 1795 and no one believed him but many years later he was right.

64
Q

Who was JOHN HUNTER?

A

A famous surgeon and anatomist, he believed the best way to heal deep wounds was to leave as much as possible to nature. One article accused him of BURKING as he always seemed to have a fresh supply of bodies.

65
Q

How did John Hunter base his work?

A

On observation and experimentation.

GCSE History (MEDICINE) (7 decks)

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