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Biology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Surface Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Controls what molecules enters and exits

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope
Double Membrane
Pores
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nucleus makes DNA, mRNA, and contains genetic information

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane
Cisternae is the folded inner membrane
Matrix
DNA is in a loop
Site of aerobic respiration
ATP production
DNA to code for enzymes in respiration

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Double membrane
Thylakoids are embedded with pigment. One stack is known as a grana.
Filled with fluid known as stroma. It contains enzymes for photosynthesis

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5
Q

Golgi body / vesicles

A

Cisternae and secretary vesicles pinch off it
The Golgi body can:
•add carbs to proteins
•secrete carbohydrates
•transport, modify, store lipids
•form lysosomes
•vesicles transport ‘finished’ molecules to the membrane where the vesicle fuses and releases the contents

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain enzymes (up to 50 different enzymes)
Hydrolyse phagocytic cells.
Release enzymes out of the cell (exocytosis)
Digest worn out cells to re use the materials

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

rRNA + protein
Eukaryotic = 80s
Prokaryotic, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
= 70s
Site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

RER / SER

A

Both composed of cisternae
RER = protein synthesis
SER = synthesis + storing lipids / carbohydrates

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9
Q

Cell wall

A

Plants AND fungi
Plants = microfibrils
Fungi = chitin
Structural strength

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10
Q

Stages of cell replication

A

•G1, S, G2, M.
•interphase is the longest stage and is when the cell grows and organelles double
•mitosis produces 2 identical, diploid cells
•meiosis is 4 different haploid cells. Gametes
•cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm
•G2 is the checking stage. Apoptosis

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11
Q

What does diploid mean

A

There are 2 copies of each chromosome in the cell

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12
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible. Centrioles separate to poles and are responsible for making spindle fibres. Plants have spindle apparatus. Nuclear envelope disintegrates

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres put the chromosomes apart into chromatids. they’re pulled to the poles. Requires ATP that comes from respiration

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15
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes pulled to the poles. Become longer and thinner. Fibres disintegrate and nucleus forms. Cell splits in cytokinesis

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16
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance between two objects in which the objects can still be viewed as separate

17
Q

Magnification

A

How many times larger an image is than the object

18
Q

Light microscope

A

-lower resolution
-longer wavelength
-colour images
-lower magnification
-living organisms

19
Q

Electron microscope

A

-Beam of electrons condensed by electromagnets
-higher resolution
-shorter wavelengths
-black and white
-higher magnification
-vacuum as electrons are absorbed by air

20
Q

TEM vs SEM

A

In TEM the electrons are absorbed by the object and a 2D picture is produced.
In SEM the electrons are reflected and scatter so a 3D picture can be produced

21
Q

M
MM
UM
NM

A

x1000 down

22
Q

Calibration

A

1) line up stage micrometer + eyepiece graticule whilst looking through the eyepiece
2) how many divisions on the graticile fit in 1 division of the micrometer
3) divide graticule over divisions

23
Q

The role of organelles in the production transport and release of proteins

A

1 dna in nucleus codes for the proteins
2 ribosomes on the RER produce the protein
3 Golgi body packages and modifies the protein
4 vesicles transport them to the membrane and they’re released

24
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular
No surface membrane
No organelles, respiration, or metabolic reactions
Not seen with light microscope
Nucleic acid, surrounded by a capsid protein coat, and have attachment proteins

25
Q

Viral replication

A

-attachment proteins bond to complementary receptors on the surface of a cell
-inject their genetic material into the host cell
-proteins are specific to the virus so they require different receptors. This explains why many viruses only affect one type of cell eg HIV and T cells

26
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotes
Circulate DNA and plasmids undergo replication
DNA = 1 Plasmids = many
Cell splits into half the cytoplasm, some plasmids and and one copy of the dna
Each daughter cell must receive a copy of the single, circular DNA molecule

Biology (2 decks)

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