Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Monomer

A

smaller units which make up larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Polymers

A

molecules made from multiple, repeating monomers, joined with a chemical bond. Examples include; monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A chemical bond that joins two molecules and eliminates one molecule of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

A hydrolysis reaction beaks a chemical bond through the insertion of one molecule of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides make polysaccharides.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Proteins

A

Amino acids make polypeptides.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

nucleotides make polynucleotides.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Maltose = 2x glucose
Galactose = glucose + lactose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

Hydrogen = above
Starch
Glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Beta glucose

A

Hydrogen = below
Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biochemical Tests

A

Carbohydrates - Add benedict’s, boil, g/y/o/r

Starch - Add iodine, turns from orange to black

Proteins - Add biurets, turns purple

Non reducing sugar - Boil with acid, neutralise, add benedict’s, g/y/o/r

Lipids - Add ethanol, add water, shake, white emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Starch (Amylose)

A

Alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bonds
Stores glucose in starch grains
Helical shape makes it compact. Insoluble and doesn’t affect W.P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Starch (Amylopectin)

A

Alpha glucose
Stores glucose in starch grains
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Lots of strands means lots of ends for quick break down
Insoluble and doesn’t affect W.P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glycogen

A

Alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Stores glucose in muscle and liver cells
Many strands for quicker hydrolysis
Insoluble so doesn’t affect W.P.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cellulose

A

Beta glucose
1-4 glycosidic
Provides structure in plants
Many hydrogen bonds provide a large level of collective strength for stability
Insoluble so doesn’t affect W.P.
Microfibril structure!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Structure of triglycerides

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Connected by ESTER bonds from a condensation reaction
R group may be either saturated or unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group

19
Q

Draw a Triglyceride!!

A
20
Q

Triglyceride Properties

A
  1. Energy Storage - a high ration of C:H bonds
  2. Water source - ratio of H:O bonds means water is released if oxidised
  3. Water Potential - not affected so cells won’t burst or shrivel
  4. Low mass so lots is stored
21
Q

Draw an amino acid

A
22
Q

Amino Acids

A

Peptide bonds
Polypeptide produced via condensation reactions

23
Q

Stages of proteins

A

Primary - A specific sequence of Amino Acids that makes a polypeptide, also known as a peptide chain

Secondary - Hydrogen bonds cause a change in the shape to either alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets. Form between the C=O of the carboxyl group and the H in the amine.

Tertiary - Further folding to make a specific 3D shape. This is due to ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in the R groups.

Quaternary - Multiple polypeptide chains (eg. Haemoglobin). The sequence of amino acids determines where the bonds form in tertiary and therefore the final 3D shape!

24
Q

Enzymes

A

Tertiary protein structures
They form enzyme - substrate complexes

25
Q

Lock and Key

A

Only a substrate that can perfectly fit into the active site of an enzyme has its activation energy lowered. The active site is a fixed shape. Random collisions

26
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

An enzymes active site is not completely complementary to the substrate. The active site is induced slightly to mould around the substrate and form the complexes to lower the activation energy. This puts strain on and weakens the hydrogen bonds. The shape will return back to normal.

27
Q

Temperature

A

Affects the rate of successful collisions that form enzyme substrate complexes

28
Q

pH

A

Denatures enzymes. There will be an optimal

29
Q

Inhibitors

A

Competitive - these are the same shape as substrates and bind to the active site. Adding more substrates can flood the inhibitor out

Non Competitive - these bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme and change the entire enzyme shape. This means that substrates cannot bind to the active site at all.

30
Q

DNA

A

Important, information carrying molecules. They carry genetic information
It is a polymer of nucleotides
Deoxyribos, nitrogenous base and phosphate group
Thymine + Adenine
Cytosine + Guanine

31
Q

RNA

A

Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins
Same nucleotides as DNA
thymine is replaced with uracil
Relatively short

32
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Phosphodiester bond between Pentose sugar and phosphate group
Double helix = compact
Double strand = replication
Hydrogen bonds = easier unzipping
Long = stores info
Complementary bases

33
Q

RNA structure

A

Single short chain

34
Q

mRNA

A
35
Q

tRNA

A
36
Q

rRNA

A
37
Q

DNA 5 mark question

A

it is a polymer of nucleotides that are held together by phosphodiester bonds. It has a double helix shape due to H bonds between complementary base pairs

38
Q

In which stage does replication take place

A

Interphase

39
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

Double strands vs single strands
DNA is longer
Thymine vs uracil
DNA holds and stores info but RNA transfers it

40
Q

Enzymes

A

Helicase: unwinds DNA and breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This allows free nucleotides to attach to parent strands during replication

Polymerase: Joins the adjacent nucleotides and allows phosphodiester bonds to form. DNA is replicated unidirectionally. New strands replicated 5’ to 3’. Polymerase has an active site that is complementary to the 3’ end of the DNA chain.

41
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
Organisms oxidise molecules for ATP
ATP —> ADP + Pi
ATP Hydrolase / Synthase
Phosphorylates molecules to make them more reactive

42
Q

Why is ATP useful?

A

Releases energy in small amounts
Easily hydrolysed
Rapidly re synthesised
Can’t leave cells
Phosphorylates other compounds

43
Q

Water Properties

A

Metabolite in reactions (hydrolysis, condensation, photosynthesis, respiration)

Solvent so metabolic reactions can occur in water

High specific heat capacity so water buffers changes in temperature

Latent heat of Vaporisation so provides a cooling effect via evaporation

Cohesive so it supports column of water and provides surface tension. This is due to water being polar and forming hydrogen bonds between molecules

44
Q

Inorganic Ions

A

Sodium - co transport of glucose in small intestine

Hydrogen - changes pH solutions to become more acidic. Also creates electrochemical gradients in the production of ATP

Iron - component of haemoglobin which bonds to oxygen to fascilitate its transport

Phosphate - production of ATP and nucleic acids

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions