Topic 2 Flashcards
1
Q
maternal cause of dystocia
A
- young dam
- pelvic cavity not fully developed
2
Q
fetal cause of dystocia
A
oversized fetus
3
Q
fetomaternal disposition
A
size of fetus not enough for maternal pelvic size
4
Q
T/F: C-section is preferred over obstetrical maneuvers in small animals
A
T
5
Q
T/F: C-section can be performed in large animals
A
T but during the procedure, there is a tendency to develop neurologic side effects because nerves are getting pressed
6
Q
predisposing causes of dystocia
A
- heredity
- nutrition and management
- traumatic events
- miscellaneous
7
Q
breed of cattle predisposed to dystocia
A
Brown Swiss
8
Q
syndrome causing higher incidences of defects like hydrocephalus, achondroplasia, Perosomus elumbis
A
bulldog calf syndrome
9
Q
failure of development of backbone/spine
A
Perosomus elumbis
10
Q
immobility of joints
A
asthrogryposis
11
Q
type of dwarfism: smaller overall size
A
pituitary dwarfism
12
Q
type of dwarfism: shorter limbs, achondroplasia
A
achondroplastic dwarfism
13
Q
heifers bred too young → pelvis not fully developed → ________________
A
fetomaternal disposition
14
Q
minerals important in initiation and continuation of uterine contractions
A
Ca & Mg
15
Q
T/F: energy deficiency can lead to decreased or lack of myometrial uterine contractions
A
T
16
Q
T/F: fat depositions around reproductive tract can result to improper dilatation
A
T
17
Q
T/F: ventral hernia can lead to dystocia
A
T
18
Q
connect abdominal muscles to pubis
A
prepubic tendon
19
Q
T/F: high oxalate content can increase Ca absoprtion
A
F - prevent
20
Q
__________________ contractions: push the fetus towards the cervix
A
cervicotubular contractions
21
Q
______________ contractions: after the cervicotubular contractions; push the fetus outside of the cevix
A
abdominal contractions
22
Q
inadequate pelvis (pelvic size) is caused by:
A
- immaturity
- pelvic fracture
- disproportionate mating
- developmental dx → results to fetomaternal disproportion
23
Q
insufficient dilatation is caused by:
A
failure of 1st stage of parturition:
- uterine torsion
- cervical dilation
- vaginal strictures
- vulvar stenosis
24
Q
T/F: primary uterine inertia is often in the 2nd stage of parturition
A
F - 1st stage
25
T/F: more cases of uterine inertia in pigs when litter is >6
F - <6
26
T/F: uterine inertia is hereditary
T
27
biochemical deficiencies in uterine inertia
E2, oxytocin, PGF2a, relaxin, Ca glucose
28
common drug for cases of uterine inertia
Ca borogluconate
29
T/F: night parturition is ideal
T
30
low amniotic fluid volume and can be seen in premature birth
oligoamnios
31
uterine inertia characterized by exhaustion
secondary uterine inertia
32
tx for secondary uterine inertia
oxytocin or CBG
33
route of administration of CBG
1/2 IV & 1/2 SC; full dose IV not advised
34
T/F: do forced extraction if uterine contractions are not enough
T
35
direction of forced extraction
arc direction
36
no uterine contractions because muscles are damaged; large muscle fibers are not connected
uterine rupture
37
T/F: uterine rupture could be due to previous CS or adhesions
T
38
uterus rotates 180-270 degrees = ?
contracted cervix, twisted cervix
39
tx for accidental uterine rupture in cow
rolling the cow
40
general tx for uterine rupture
laparotomy & repair
41
_____________________ to check for the direction of broad ligament
rectal palpation
42
tx for uterine torsion
Schaffer method (plank in flank method) - but not done in mare
43
T/F: uterine torsions can also happen in sheep, goat, cat
T
44
tx for abdominal hernia or diaphragmatic hernia
forced extraction
45
management for prepubic tendon rupture
forced extraction
46
exostoses can be especially seen on the _________ area
lumbar area
47
management if the dam has a inadequate pelvis (pelvic size)
CS
48
prevent proper dilatation of the cervix; problem w/ the lumen itself or adhesions w/in the cervical matrix
uterine adhesion
49
evident in cattle w/ mycotoxin ingestion/mycotoxicoses
prolapsed vagina
50
T/F: failure of cervical dilatation is less common in cattle compared to buffalo
F - baliktad
51
failure of cervical dilatation in cattle is due to:
- more capacious pelvis
- larger area of ileum
- free and easily separable 5th sacral vertebra (wider)
52
T/F: failure of cervical dilatation is common in sheep and goats
T
53
failure of cervical dilatation in sheep and goats is also called ________
ring womb
54
tx for failure of cervical dilatation
1. B2 adrenergic (salbutamol, terbutaline, isoxsuprine HCl) - w/ manual manipulation
2. clenbuterol
3. denaverine HCl - not suggested if parts of fetus are not in the cervical canal
4. valethamate bromide (antispasmodic) - shortens 1st stage of labor
5. misoprostol - for mares not in cattle; can cause abortion
6. partial cervicotomy - if fetus is emphysematous
7. CS - if drug therapy fails
55
causes of failure of vaginal dilation
- absecesses
- large tumors
- large vaginal hematoma
- vaginal cystocele
- vulvar stenosis
56
management for large vaginal hematoma
CS
57
prolapse of bladder thru urethra or vaginal rupture
vaginal cystocele
58
should be in 1 o'clock or 11 o'clock position to avoid tearing into rectal sphincter
episiotomy
59
T/F: doing episiotomy at the 12 o'clock is advised
F - not advised
60
T/F: forced extraction - if the animal is standing, fetus should be pulled upwards
T
61
T/F: forced extraction - if the animal is lying down, not allowing gravity to exert its effect = easier to pull out the fetus
T
62
signs of fetal death seen on xray
- presence of air around the fetus
- excessive curling (c-shape)
- overriding of skull/cranial bones
63
management for fetal death
forced extraction
fetotomy
CS
64
management if part of the fetus is now visible (fetal death)
forced extraction, otherwise, CS
65
cutting apart or dissecting fetus
fetotomy
66
T/F: expect fetal death on horses +/- 1 weeks the expected date of parturition
F: +/- 2 weeks
67
ex of fetal defects
ascites
hydrocephalus
anasarca
68
anasarca can be due to ___________ = ________________ approach
1. uterine infxn
2. ventrolateral oblique approach
69
management for fetal defects
forced extraction
fetotomy
CS (easier option)
70
twins are joined face to face at the chest
thoracopagus
71
most common cause of dystocia
fetal oversize
72
fetal monsters due to disproportionate mating
absolute
73
two headed calf
bicephalus
74
a fetus larger relative to pelvis (fetomaternal-fetopelvic disproportion)
relative
75
T/F: absolute is common in heifers that calve at <2 yrs of age
F - relative
76
management for relative
alive: forced extraction or CS
dead: fetotomy
77
(malposture) flexion at the carpal, elbow, shoulder joint
anterior presentation
78
(malposition) lateral, upward, downward (vertex; foot-nape; breast-head)
head deviation
79
(malposition) hock flexion, hip flexion (breech presentation)
posterior presentation
80
abnormal presetation
dorso-transverse
ventro-transverse
81
tx for abnormal presentation
- oxytocin
- Mg sulfate (for post-partum problems like Mg tetany)
82
3Ps
presentation
position
posture
83
orientation of fetus whether if the body of the fetus is present
presentation
84
normal presentation
anterior longitudinal (head presented in relation to pelvis of dam)
85
T/F: in pigs/dogs, 40% can have posterior longitudinal presentation
T
86
T/F: horse, cattle, sheep, goats always deliver offspring in AL presentation
T
87
presentation wherein the dorsum of fetus the one being presented/visible in birth canal
dorsotransverse presentation
88
presentation wherein ventrum of fetus the one presented in birth canal; forelimbs visible
ventrotransverse
89
T/F: there is a possibility of having 1-2 animals getting out at the same time called simultaneous presentation
T
90
position: orientation of the dorsum of the fetus in relation to pelvis of dam; should be closest to sacrum of dam
dorsosacral presentation
91
T/F: normal in large animals - to exit properly, should be extended limb posture
T
92
T/F: small animals - small fetus cannot come out if it exhibits flexed posture
F - can
93
also called dog sitting
ventro-vertical posture
94
happens when several lambs/kids wanting to go out at the same time
simultaneous presentation
95
management for simultaneous presentation
- CS (always reco)
- if not, sort out the mess and decide w/c fetus to extract first
96
dorso of fetus closest to pubic bone
dorso-pubic
97
dorsum closest to ileum of dam
dorso-ileal
98
refers whether the limbs, head, neck are extended or flexed
abnormal posture
99
neck of the foal is flexed to left side
lateral deviation of head
100
ex of downward deviations
- vertex (top of head presented)
- nape (further bending of the ventral flexion of neck)
- breast-head (long neck of horse can flex further inward downwards)
101
T/F: anterior limb flexions (carpal, elbow, shoulder) are more common
T
102
- most common anterior limb flexion
- knee of calf (carpus) is flexed
carpal flexion
103
- anterior limb flexion
- retracted elbow
- partially extended; forces pushes the fetus forward before limbs can properly extend
elbow flexion
104
- both limbs in carpal and shoulder flexion
- both forelimbs in elbow flexion
- malposition
- difficulty in doing manipulations
head only presentation
105
- posterior limb flexion
- dorsopubic presentation
- breech presentation
- common in humans
hip flexion
106
- posterior limb flexion
- do retropulsion
- use oil
hock flexion
107
most common cause of dystocia in cattle
feto-pelvic disproportion
108
2nd most common cause of dystocia in cattle
fetal malpresentation
109
most common cause of dystocia in buffalo
uterine torsion
110
T/F: dystocia is not very common in mare
T
111
vegetable oil does not cause ____________________
oil granuloma
112
most common cause of dystocia in mare
1. lateral head deviation
2. posterior presentation
3. transverse presentation (rare)
113
most common cause of dystocia in sheep/goat
1. ring womb
2. fetal malposition
3. simultaneous presentation
114
most common cause of dystocia in bitch/cat/sow
1. uterine inertia
2. fetopelvic disposition
