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THERIO LEC 2 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

maternal cause of dystocia

A
  • young dam
  • pelvic cavity not fully developed
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2
Q

fetal cause of dystocia

A

oversized fetus

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3
Q

fetomaternal disposition

A

size of fetus not enough for maternal pelvic size

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4
Q

T/F: C-section is preferred over obstetrical maneuvers in small animals

A

T

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5
Q

T/F: C-section can be performed in large animals

A

T but during the procedure, there is a tendency to develop neurologic side effects because nerves are getting pressed

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6
Q

predisposing causes of dystocia

A
  • heredity
  • nutrition and management
  • traumatic events
  • miscellaneous
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7
Q

breed of cattle predisposed to dystocia

A

Brown Swiss

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8
Q

syndrome causing higher incidences of defects like hydrocephalus, achondroplasia, Perosomus elumbis

A

bulldog calf syndrome

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9
Q

failure of development of backbone/spine

A

Perosomus elumbis

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10
Q

immobility of joints

A

asthrogryposis

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11
Q

type of dwarfism: smaller overall size

A

pituitary dwarfism

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12
Q

type of dwarfism: shorter limbs, achondroplasia

A

achondroplastic dwarfism

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13
Q

heifers bred too young → pelvis not fully developed → ________________

A

fetomaternal disposition

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14
Q

minerals important in initiation and continuation of uterine contractions

A

Ca & Mg

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15
Q

T/F: energy deficiency can lead to decreased or lack of myometrial uterine contractions

A

T

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16
Q

T/F: fat depositions around reproductive tract can result to improper dilatation

A

T

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17
Q

T/F: ventral hernia can lead to dystocia

A

T

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18
Q

connect abdominal muscles to pubis

A

prepubic tendon

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19
Q

T/F: high oxalate content can increase Ca absoprtion

A

F - prevent

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20
Q

__________________ contractions: push the fetus towards the cervix

A

cervicotubular contractions

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21
Q

______________ contractions: after the cervicotubular contractions; push the fetus outside of the cevix

A

abdominal contractions

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22
Q

inadequate pelvis (pelvic size) is caused by:

A
  • immaturity
  • pelvic fracture
  • disproportionate mating
  • developmental dx → results to fetomaternal disproportion
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23
Q

insufficient dilatation is caused by:

A

failure of 1st stage of parturition:
- uterine torsion
- cervical dilation
- vaginal strictures
- vulvar stenosis

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24
Q

T/F: primary uterine inertia is often in the 2nd stage of parturition

A

F - 1st stage

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25
Q

T/F: more cases of uterine inertia in pigs when litter is >6

A

F - <6

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26
Q

T/F: uterine inertia is hereditary

A

T

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27
Q

biochemical deficiencies in uterine inertia

A

E2, oxytocin, PGF2a, relaxin, Ca glucose

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28
Q

common drug for cases of uterine inertia

A

Ca borogluconate

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29
Q

T/F: night parturition is ideal

A

T

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30
Q

low amniotic fluid volume and can be seen in premature birth

A

oligoamnios

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31
Q

uterine inertia characterized by exhaustion

A

secondary uterine inertia

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32
Q

tx for secondary uterine inertia

A

oxytocin or CBG

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33
Q

route of administration of CBG

A

1/2 IV & 1/2 SC; full dose IV not advised

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34
Q

T/F: do forced extraction if uterine contractions are not enough

A

T

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35
Q

direction of forced extraction

A

arc direction

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36
Q

no uterine contractions because muscles are damaged; large muscle fibers are not connected

A

uterine rupture

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37
Q

T/F: uterine rupture could be due to previous CS or adhesions

A

T

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38
Q

uterus rotates 180-270 degrees = ?

A

contracted cervix, twisted cervix

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39
Q

tx for accidental uterine rupture in cow

A

rolling the cow

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40
Q

general tx for uterine rupture

A

laparotomy & repair

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41
Q

_____________________ to check for the direction of broad ligament

A

rectal palpation

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42
Q

tx for uterine torsion

A

Schaffer method (plank in flank method) - but not done in mare

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43
Q

T/F: uterine torsions can also happen in sheep, goat, cat

A

T

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44
Q

tx for abdominal hernia or diaphragmatic hernia

A

forced extraction

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45
Q

management for prepubic tendon rupture

A

forced extraction

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46
Q

exostoses can be especially seen on the _________ area

A

lumbar area

47
Q

management if the dam has a inadequate pelvis (pelvic size)

A

CS

48
Q

prevent proper dilatation of the cervix; problem w/ the lumen itself or adhesions w/in the cervical matrix

A

uterine adhesion

49
Q

evident in cattle w/ mycotoxin ingestion/mycotoxicoses

A

prolapsed vagina

50
Q

T/F: failure of cervical dilatation is less common in cattle compared to buffalo

A

F - baliktad

51
Q

failure of cervical dilatation in cattle is due to:

A
  • more capacious pelvis
  • larger area of ileum
  • free and easily separable 5th sacral vertebra (wider)
52
Q

T/F: failure of cervical dilatation is common in sheep and goats

A

T

53
Q

failure of cervical dilatation in sheep and goats is also called ________

A

ring womb

54
Q

tx for failure of cervical dilatation

A
  1. B2 adrenergic (salbutamol, terbutaline, isoxsuprine HCl) - w/ manual manipulation
  2. clenbuterol
  3. denaverine HCl - not suggested if parts of fetus are not in the cervical canal
  4. valethamate bromide (antispasmodic) - shortens 1st stage of labor
  5. misoprostol - for mares not in cattle; can cause abortion
  6. partial cervicotomy - if fetus is emphysematous
  7. CS - if drug therapy fails
55
Q

causes of failure of vaginal dilation

A
  • absecesses
  • large tumors
  • large vaginal hematoma
  • vaginal cystocele
  • vulvar stenosis
56
Q

management for large vaginal hematoma

A

CS

57
Q

prolapse of bladder thru urethra or vaginal rupture

A

vaginal cystocele

58
Q

should be in 1 o’clock or 11 o’clock position to avoid tearing into rectal sphincter

A

episiotomy

59
Q

T/F: doing episiotomy at the 12 o’clock is advised

A

F - not advised

60
Q

T/F: forced extraction - if the animal is standing, fetus should be pulled upwards

A

T

61
Q

T/F: forced extraction - if the animal is lying down, not allowing gravity to exert its effect = easier to pull out the fetus

A

T

62
Q

signs of fetal death seen on xray

A
  • presence of air around the fetus
  • excessive curling (c-shape)
  • overriding of skull/cranial bones
63
Q

management for fetal death

A

forced extraction
fetotomy
CS

64
Q

management if part of the fetus is now visible (fetal death)

A

forced extraction, otherwise, CS

65
Q

cutting apart or dissecting fetus

A

fetotomy

66
Q

T/F: expect fetal death on horses +/- 1 weeks the expected date of parturition

A

F: +/- 2 weeks

67
Q

ex of fetal defects

A

ascites
hydrocephalus
anasarca

68
Q

anasarca can be due to ___________ = ________________ approach

A
  1. uterine infxn
  2. ventrolateral oblique approach
69
Q

management for fetal defects

A

forced extraction
fetotomy
CS (easier option)

70
Q

twins are joined face to face at the chest

A

thoracopagus

71
Q

most common cause of dystocia

A

fetal oversize

72
Q

fetal monsters due to disproportionate mating

A

absolute

73
Q

two headed calf

A

bicephalus

74
Q

a fetus larger relative to pelvis (fetomaternal-fetopelvic disproportion)

A

relative

75
Q

T/F: absolute is common in heifers that calve at <2 yrs of age

A

F - relative

76
Q

management for relative

A

alive: forced extraction or CS
dead: fetotomy

77
Q

(malposture) flexion at the carpal, elbow, shoulder joint

A

anterior presentation

78
Q

(malposition) lateral, upward, downward (vertex; foot-nape; breast-head)

A

head deviation

79
Q

(malposition) hock flexion, hip flexion (breech presentation)

A

posterior presentation

80
Q

abnormal presetation

A

dorso-transverse
ventro-transverse

81
Q

tx for abnormal presentation

A
  • oxytocin
  • Mg sulfate (for post-partum problems like Mg tetany)
82
Q

3Ps

A

presentation
position
posture

83
Q

orientation of fetus whether if the body of the fetus is present

A

presentation

84
Q

normal presentation

A

anterior longitudinal (head presented in relation to pelvis of dam)

85
Q

T/F: in pigs/dogs, 40% can have posterior longitudinal presentation

A

T

86
Q

T/F: horse, cattle, sheep, goats always deliver offspring in AL presentation

A

T

87
Q

presentation wherein the dorsum of fetus the one being presented/visible in birth canal

A

dorsotransverse presentation

88
Q

presentation wherein ventrum of fetus the one presented in birth canal; forelimbs visible

A

ventrotransverse

89
Q

T/F: there is a possibility of having 1-2 animals getting out at the same time called simultaneous presentation

A

T

90
Q

position: orientation of the dorsum of the fetus in relation to pelvis of dam; should be closest to sacrum of dam

A

dorsosacral presentation

91
Q

T/F: normal in large animals - to exit properly, should be extended limb posture

A

T

92
Q

T/F: small animals - small fetus cannot come out if it exhibits flexed posture

A

F - can

93
Q

also called dog sitting

A

ventro-vertical posture

94
Q

happens when several lambs/kids wanting to go out at the same time

A

simultaneous presentation

95
Q

management for simultaneous presentation

A
  • CS (always reco)
  • if not, sort out the mess and decide w/c fetus to extract first
96
Q

dorso of fetus closest to pubic bone

A

dorso-pubic

97
Q

dorsum closest to ileum of dam

A

dorso-ileal

98
Q

refers whether the limbs, head, neck are extended or flexed

A

abnormal posture

99
Q

neck of the foal is flexed to left side

A

lateral deviation of head

100
Q

ex of downward deviations

A
  • vertex (top of head presented)
  • nape (further bending of the ventral flexion of neck)
  • breast-head (long neck of horse can flex further inward downwards)
101
Q

T/F: anterior limb flexions (carpal, elbow, shoulder) are more common

A

T

102
Q
  • most common anterior limb flexion
  • knee of calf (carpus) is flexed
A

carpal flexion

103
Q
  • anterior limb flexion
  • retracted elbow
  • partially extended; forces pushes the fetus forward before limbs can properly extend
A

elbow flexion

104
Q
  • both limbs in carpal and shoulder flexion
  • both forelimbs in elbow flexion
  • malposition
  • difficulty in doing manipulations
A

head only presentation

105
Q
  • posterior limb flexion
  • dorsopubic presentation
  • breech presentation
  • common in humans
A

hip flexion

106
Q
  • posterior limb flexion
  • do retropulsion
  • use oil
A

hock flexion

107
Q

most common cause of dystocia in cattle

A

feto-pelvic disproportion

108
Q

2nd most common cause of dystocia in cattle

A

fetal malpresentation

109
Q

most common cause of dystocia in buffalo

A

uterine torsion

110
Q

T/F: dystocia is not very common in mare

A

T

111
Q

vegetable oil does not cause ____________________

A

oil granuloma

112
Q

most common cause of dystocia in mare

A
  1. lateral head deviation
  2. posterior presentation
  3. transverse presentation (rare)
113
Q

most common cause of dystocia in sheep/goat

A
  1. ring womb
  2. fetal malposition
  3. simultaneous presentation
114
Q

most common cause of dystocia in bitch/cat/sow

A
  1. uterine inertia
  2. fetopelvic disposition

THERIO LEC 2 (3 decks)

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