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THERIO LEC 2 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • physiologic process by w/c the pregnant uterus delivers the fetus and placenta from the maternal animal
  • related to “partus”, “parere”
A

parturition

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2
Q

means “to be ready to bear a young one”

A

“parturire”

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3
Q

means “to produce”

A

“parere”

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4
Q

T/F: fetal stress increases fetal ACTH

A

T

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5
Q

hormone that:
- increases the secretion by female reproduction tract → lubrication
- increases myometrial contractions
- increases pressure
- increases cervical stimulation
- increases oxytocin release → max pressure

A

E2 & PGF2a

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6
Q

hormone responsible for luteolysis

A

PGF2a

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7
Q

hormone responsible for pelvic ligament stretching

A

relaxin

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8
Q

cow’s symptoms of approaching parturition

A
  • udder enlargement (4 months before parturition in heifers; 1-2 weeks before parturition in cows)
  • vaginal discharge (7 months)
  • relaxed pelvic ligaments
  • raised tail head (24-48 hr)
  • anorexia
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9
Q

mare’s symptoms of approaching parturition

A

Main:
- udder development beginning 2-6 weeks before foaling
- waxing of teats 1-2 days before foaling
- relaxation in pelvic region occurs progressively during the last 7-14 days of gestation

Additional:
- development of vulvar laxity and edema
- scanty vulvar discharge
- udder enlargement
- change in the amount and character of mammary secretion (last 2 weeks)
- udder becomes engorged w/in last few days before foaling
- accumulation of waxy secretion on teat ends (1-4 days before foaling)

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10
Q

sow’s signs of nearing parturition

A
  • reduced appetite
  • restlessness
  • frequent standing up and lying down
  • if bedding is available, chewing and moving this around in her mouth
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11
Q

ewe’s signs of nearing parturition

A
  • vulvar stretching, reddening, swelling
  • ewe will miss a feeding
  • separate herself from the flock shortly before labor begins
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12
Q

doe’s signs of nearing parturition

A
  • udder enlargement starting 1-6 weeks prior to kidding
  • teats begin to fill w/ milk
  • hollowness on either side of the doe’s tail
  • isolation from the herd
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13
Q

bitch’s signs of nearing parturition

A
  • temp decreases by 1C (1-2 days prior to whelping due to low P4 levels): measure temp 2x a day
  • restlessness
  • decreased appetite
  • produces a mild vaginal discharge 2-3 days prior to whelping
  • vomiting and diarrhea w/in a day or two of whelping
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14
Q

queen’s signs of nearing parturition

A
  • nervousness
  • overgrooming
  • panting
  • stops eating during the final day of pregnancy
  • drop in rectal temp to >37.5C (last 24 hr and signals impeding labor)
  • milk will often appear in the mammary glands (24-48 hr)
  • prefers to be secluded during queening
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15
Q

stages of parturition

A
  1. dilatation of cervix
  2. expulsion of fetus
  3. expulsion of placenta
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16
Q

characterized by:
- preparation of birth canal and fetus for expulsion
- signs of discomfort, mild colic, restlessness w/ elevated HR and RR, drop in body temp
- changes on the structure of cervix
- onset of myometrial contractions
- fetus assumes proper disposition for expulsion

A

1st stage of labor: cervix dilatation

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17
Q

during cervix dilatation, there is loosening of the ground substance due to changes in ________________ components (several days before parturition)

A

collagen

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18
Q

T/F: one of the cervical changes during the 1st stage is decreased incorporation of h2o w/c permits collagen fibers to separate w/ tension

A

F - increased incorporation of h2o

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19
Q

T/F: cervix dilates - internal os first followed by external os

A

F - baliktad

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20
Q

cervix becomes _______ shape as _________ dilates widely

A
  1. cone
  2. external os
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21
Q

T/F: one of the cervical changes includes simultaneous shortening of the cervix and dilatation of external os

A

F - internal os

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22
Q

T/F: uterus and vagina become one continuous canal that becomes tightly engaged by the distended allantochorion during the 1st stage of labor

A

T

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23
Q

onsets of myometrial contractions

A
  • presence of cervicotubular and tubular-cervical contractions
  • isolate, uncoordinated waves changes to regular, coordinated peristaltic type
  • frequency increases from 12-24 per hr in the last 2-28 per hour just before expulsion (30/hr in ewe)
  • placental attachment becomes less intimate
  • superficial cells undergo fatty degeneration
  • separation of margins w/ hemorrhage in deciduate placenta
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24
Q

T/F: cervicotubular contractions prevent premature displacement of the fetus/es for orderly expulsion from the horns

A

T

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25
Q

T/F: during 1st stage of labor, fetal disposition becomes more active

A

T

26
Q

T/F: fetal disposition - there is a progressive rotation from dorsal to ventral position

A

F - ventral to dorsal

27
Q

extension of forelimbs, head, and neck: ________________
extension of head and neck only: ____________________

A
  1. foal & puppy
  2. calf & lamb
28
Q

T/F: flexed knees of calf first occupy dilating cervix then digits enter cervix after 30 min as carpal joints extend in efforts to stand up in utero

A

T

29
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in cow

A

4-24 hr

30
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in buffalo

A

1-12 hr

31
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in mare

A

1-12 hr

32
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in ewe

A

6-12 hr

33
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in sow

A

12-24 hr

34
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in bitch

A

4-24 hr

35
Q

duration of 1st stage of labor in cat

A

2-12 hr

36
Q

characteristic of 2nd stage of labor

A
  • appearance of abdominal contractions superimposed upon each set of myometrial contractions
  • allantochorionic sac ruptures
  • water bag (amnion) appears at vulva
  • fetal head appears at vulva coincident w/ maximal uterine and abdominal muscle contractions
  • fetal thorax passes thru vulva followed by expulsion of hips and hindlimbs
37
Q

T/F: 2nd and 3rd stages cannot be separated in polytocous species (dog, cat, sow)

A

T

38
Q

T/F: during 2nd stage of labor, there is disappearance of cervicotubular contractions

A

T

39
Q

also call fetal ejection reflex

A

Fergurson reflex

40
Q

T/F: amnion ruptures allowing fetus to respire

A

T

41
Q

in mare, cow, ewe, the normal fetal disposition is:
- presentation: ______________
- position: ______________
- posture: _______________

A

presentation: anterior
position: dorsal (dorso-sacral)
posture: extended limb

42
Q

T/F: in polytocous species (bitch, sow, queen), 40-45% of fetuses normally delivered in anterior

A

F - posterior

43
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in cow/buffalo

A

30 min - 3 hr

44
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in buffalo

A

45-90 min

45
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in mare

A

30 min

46
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in ewe/doe

A

30 min - 1 hr

47
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in sow

A

30 min - 4 hr

48
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in bitch

A

1st puppy w/in 2 hr;
5-60 min between puppies;
total time: up to 24 hr

49
Q

duration of 2nd stage of labor in cat

A

1st kitten w/in 5-60 min;
5-60 min between kittens

50
Q

3rd stage of labor is characterized by:

A
  • cessation of regular abdominal contractions
  • decreased amplitude of myometrial contractions
  • weakening of acellular layer of adhesive protein “glue line” between cotyledonary and caruncular epithelium leads to placental separation
  • collagenization of placentome
  • flattening of maternal crypt epithelium in cow
  • shrinking of fetal villi due to loss of fetal turgidity from escape of blood from fetal side of placenta w/ rupture of umbilicus
  • separation of fetal membranes due to early degenerative maturational changes in ewe and cow
51
Q

T/F: apex of allantochorionic sac is everted and as sac is rolled down the cornua, the fetal villi are drawn out of the crypts → forms mass w/in maternal pelvis w/c stimulates abdominal contractions

A

F - inverted

52
Q

T/F: all domestic animals normally eat placenta

A

F - except mare

53
Q

T/F: in monotocous animals, dehiscence and expulsion of fetal membranes are interspersed w/ fetal births

A

F - polytocus

54
Q
  • causes release of oxytocin
  • promotes milk letdown
  • augments myometrial contractions
A

suckling reflex

55
Q

T/F: suckling results in greater synchrony of contractions and increase in # of tubulocervical contractions

A

T

56
Q

duration of 3rd stage of labor in cow

A

12-16 hr

57
Q

duration of 3rd stage of labor in buffalo

A

7-12 hr

58
Q

duration of 3rd stage of labor in mare

A

30 min - 3 hr

59
Q

duration of 3rd stage of labor in ewe

A

3-6 hr

60
Q

duration of 3rd stage of labor in sow

A

after 2-3 piglets or 4 hr post-farrowing

THERIO LEC 2 (3 decks)

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