Topic 2

Question 1

Purpose

Answer 1

We reason to some goal or objective whenever we reason.

Question 2

Question at Issue

Answer 2

All reasoning involves at least one question to answer or issue to resolve.

Question 3

Point of view

Answer 3

We reason within some point of view or frame of reference whenever we reason.

Question 4

Information

Answer 4

We use information whenever we reason.

Question 5

Concepts

Answer 5

All reasoning takes form in concepts. Concepts include the theories, principles, axioms, and rules implicit in our reasoning.

Question 6

Assumptions

Answer 6

All reasoning begins with our assumptions (i.e., our presuppositions, or what we take for granted as true).

Question 7

Implications

Answer 7

Implications follow from our reasoning whenever we reason. That which extends beyond whatever conclusion we reach through our reasoning.

Question 8

Inferences

Answer 8

Steps of mind by which we conclude that something is true based on something else being true (or appearing to be so).

Question 9

Implilcation

Answer 9

What logically follows from reasoning?

Question 10

Accuracy

Answer 10

Being near or true to the value of something

Question 11

Clarity

Answer 11

Being unambiguous and easily understood

Question 12

Purpose

Answer 12

The goal or objective of reasoning

Question 13

Assumptions

Answer 13

Unstated or hidden beliefs that support our explicit reasoning

Question 14

Concepts

Answer 14

General categories or ideas by which we interpret or classify information used in our thinking

Question 15

Point of view

Answer 15

The particular perspective from which something is observed or thought through

Question 16

Precision

Answer 16

Being precise or exact

Question 17

Inference

Answer 17

A logical process of drawing conclusions

Question 18

The elements of reasoning

Answer 18

parts of thinking and fundamental structures of thought

Question 19

inferring and reasoning

Answer 19

The mind drawing conclusions on the basis of reasons defines which process?

Question 20

All eight elements

Answer 20

Which elements of reasoning are operative when we think through a problem?

Question 21

purpose

Answer 21

What is the term for the goal or desired outcome of our reasoning?

Question 22

assumption

Answer 22

Which of the following is something we take for granted as true in our reasoning?

Question 23

implications

Answer 23

What is said to follow from our reasoning?

Question 24

concepts

Answer 24

Theories are examples of ________.

Question 25

inferences/ assumptions

Answer 25

In reasoning, we make __________ based on ___________.

Question 26

relative/absolute

Answer 26

Distinctions between the elements of reasoning are ______ and not ________.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is correct?

Answer 27

The standards of critical thinking must be applied to the elements as the critical thinker learns to develop intellectual traits.

Question 28

activated ignorance

Answer 28

mentally taking in and actively using false information

Question 29

subconscious

Answer 29

In some cases, the conclusions we draw are based on assumptions that operate at a(n) ________ level.

Question 30

possible, probable, necessary

Answer 30

What are the three kinds of implications that may be involved in any situation?

Question 31

clarity

Answer 31

Thinking that is easily understood reflects which of the intellectual standards?

Question 32

precise

Answer 32

Reasoning that is specific, exact, and sufficiently detailed is said to be ________.

Question 33

Socratic questioning

Answer 33

a systematic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing truth.

Question 34

Questions of facts

Answer 34

have definitive answers; Evidence and reasoning within a single system
;Serve as basis of knowledge; Only one correct answer

Question 35

Questions of preference

Answer 35

have a range of potential answers, which reflect personal and subjective views on a topic

Question 36

Questions of judgement

Answer 36

have more than one reasoned answer, but some answers are better than others; Evidence and reasoning within multiple systems; Competing answers; Reasoned judgment

Question 37

3 types of questions

Answer 37

facts, preference, and judgement

Question 38

Common factor

Answer 38

In analyzing causation, looking for a single shared factor.
Ex. Tourists infected with a tropical disease all took the same flight

Question 39

Single difference

Answer 39

In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another, similar, situation.
Ex. Only those tourists who visited a given village were infected with a tropical disease; those who did not were disease-free

Question 40

Concomitant variation

Answer 40

In analyzing causation, looking for a pattern of variation between a possible cause and a possible effect
Ex. Medical researchers expose laboratory animals to different strains of a tropical microbe to see which are likely to cause sickness

Question 41

Process of elimination

Answer 41

In analyzing causation, successively ruling out non-causal factors until one correct causal factor remains
Ex. To figure out why tourists were sick, blood tests ruled out five different diseases and singled out one tropical microbe that was causing the sickness

Question 42

elements of reasoning

Answer 42

To analyze the logic of an article

Question 43

Intellectual action

Answer 43

In strategic thinking, engaging and challenging your own thinking is which component?

Question 44

identification

Answer 44

In strategic thinking, recognizing when your thinking is irrational or flawed is which component?

Question 45

process of elimination

Answer 45

A mechanic ruled out failures in 10 different engine parts before finding the problem in the carburetor. This is an example of:

Question 46

common factor

Answer 46

A scientist discovered that all laboratory hamsters that had been eating lettuce developed Salmonella poisoning. This is an example of causation by:

Question 47

single difference method

Answer 47

In analyzing causation, looking for a causal factor that is present in one situation but absent in another similar situation is called the:

Question 48

Merge problems and decisions into a comprehensive decision whenever possible.

Answer 48

Paul and Elder’s “Dimensions of Decision-Making” suggest all of the following steps except

Question 49

developing questions that have only one answer

Answer 49

In constructing questions of judgment, which of the following is not part of the process?

Question 50

question of preference

Answer 50

Is basketball or ice hockey more fun to watch?” is a:

Question 51

questions of judgment

Answer 51

These questions have more than one answer, with some answers better than others.

Question 52

Statistics

Answer 52

the science of collecting, organizing, and analyzing quantitative data.

Question 53

Line Graphs

Answer 53

plot the relationship between two or more variables by using connected data points. Line graphs are very useful where there is time-series data to be summarized. They are appropriate where the data values are continuous.

Question 54

Questions, Implications, Concepts, Assumptions, Points of view, Information, Purpose, Inferences

Answer 54

Quick Iguanas Chase All People Into Purple Igloos Elements (the components of our thinking)

Question 55

Clarity, Accuracy, Significance, Depth, Breadth, Relevance, Logic, Fairness, Precision

Answer 55

Standards (what we use to evaluate the elements): Can All Small Dogs Bark Really Loud For People?