topic 2

Question 1

forms of energy

Answer 1

Heat
electrical
chemical
light

Question 2

energy transformation and tranferring examples

Answer 2

transformation: Phtosynthesis
transferring: respiration

Question 3

describe nergy lost in trophic levels

Answer 3

less energy is available in each trophic level

can be lost in wastes such as (movement, cell division, temperature regulation)

Question 4

calculating trophic efficiency

Answer 4

lower trophic / higher trophic

Question 5

food chain and food web definitions

Answer 5

food chain: a model that represents the transfer of energy between trophic levels

food web: a diagram that shows how different organisms feed of eachother

Question 6

what is the average transfer of energy between trophic levels?

Answer 6

10%

Question 7

ecological niche? and what is a fundamental niche and realistic niche?

Answer 7

the role of an organism in its ecosytem (its lifestyle) and the way in which it findshabitats, relationships, and reproduction

fundamental niche: an ideal niche for a specific organism to live as

realistic niche: the realistic niche in which the organism lives in.

Question 8

what is population and its measuring dynamics?

Answer 8

same species, same time, same place

1. population size + distribution
2. density
3. abudance
4. composition (characteristics)

Question 9

factors which make a stable environment

Answer 9

predictive
long live species (k selected)
larger
steady poulation growth patterns

Question 10

factors which make an unstable environment

Answer 10

unpredictable ecosystem
opportunistic species (r selected)
\+ short lived

Question 11

how to calculate population density

Answer 11

number of species per unit area ( population size/ total land area)

Question 12

how to calculate population growth rate

Answer 12

growth rate= (births + immigration) - ( deaths + emmigration)

Question 13

measuring distribution?

Answer 13

in forms of graphs, can be:
random
uniform
clumped

Question 14

ways to measure abundance

Answer 14

quadrat
transects
remote tracking
capture mark recapture

Question 15

population size formula

Answer 15

individuals in quadrats / N0. of selected quadrats x total quadrats

Question 16

population density formula:

Answer 16

population size / area x NO. of quadrats

Question 17

4 assumptions that are made in CMR

Answer 17

1. no death/ immigration / emmigration (closed)
2. sampling methods dont effect survival
3. sampling methods in both captures are identical
4. enougn time between captures to allow mixing.

Question 18

CMR formula

Answer 18

total marked x total recaptured/ total marked in recapture.

Question 19

what is carrying capacity

Answer 19

this occurs when the populations numbers reaches its habitats limited resources

Question 20

the abiotic and biotic factors which limit a populations growth?

Answer 20

• availability of resources
• predation
• diseases

Question 21

density independant and dependant features?

Answer 21

independent factors:
factors that effect all individuals in a population regardless of density ( weather conditions, volcanic activity)
dependant factors:
often biotic and factors that dont effect all of population. (predation, species competition, spread of diseases)

Question 22

primary and secondary succession

Answer 22

primary succession:
when succession being in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed ( contains pionner r selected species)
secondary succession:
a process of change when a previously established is taken by a new group of organisms. (bush fire occuring)

Question 23

climax community?

Answer 23

the end of succesion when it is stable

- contains slow growing, long lived k-selected species