Topic 2

Question 1

define the functions of ligaments

Answer 1

• act as mechanical constraints (mechanical function)
  prevent undesired movement
  permit limited desired movement
• sensory organs - proprioception

Question 2

define articular discs and their function

Answer 2

pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between the articular surfaces of some synovial joints

function:
act as shock absorbers
aid mechanical fit between articular surfaces
restrain movement
assist lubrication
permit different movements to occur in the joint

Question 3

define bursae and their functions

Answer 3

fluid-filled sacs around many
synovial joints

potential rather than actual
spaces

function: to reduce friction as
structures slide on one another
therefore located between layers
of muscles
where muscles and tendons
overlie bony prominences
bursitis

Question 4

define and demonstrate active movement in joints

Answer 4

active movement
- produced by muscle contraction

can be angular movements

• flexion/ extension transverse axis
• abduction/ adduction anteroposterior axis

or rotational movements
- internal (medial)/
external (lateral) rotation longitudinal axis

Question 5

define and demonstrate passive movement in joints

Answer 5

passive movement
movement produced by an external force

passive physiological
could also be produced actively

passive accessory
cannot be produced actively
movement of articular surfaces within joint capsule

Question 6

define close packed position

Answer 6

greatest joint stability is achieved for the least energy
It is the position where
joint surfaces are maximally congruent
the ligaments & capsule are maximally taut
In this position
the joint is resistant to tensile forces that tend to cause separation
little or no joint play is possible
will be a slightly different position for each joint

Question 7

what are the anatomical features that can limit movement at a joint

Answer 7

ligaments and articular discs

Question 8

what are the articular surfaces of the hip

Answer 8

acetabulum, acetabular notch, acetabular labrum, ilium, ischium, pubic and head of femur.

Question 9

describe the acetabulum

Answer 9

• Acetabulum – concave
(female) surface
• Formed by union of the
three component parts of
innominate bone
• one fifth pubis
• two fifths ischium
• two fifths ilium
• Semilunar shaped area
covered with articular
cartilage
• Acetabular fossa - non- articular area

Question 10

describe the acetabular notch and labrum

Answer 10

Acetabular notch
• inferior deficiency of the
acetabulum
• transverse ligament

Acetabular labrum
• fibrocartilage wedge attached to
rim of acetabulum
• deepens socket and therefore
increases stability

Question 11

describe head of femur

Answer 11

head of femur – convex
(male) surface
• 2/3 sphere
• covered with articular
cartilage, except for small
area on head (fovea
capitis)

Question 12

describe the joint capsule and synovial membrane at the hip joint

Answer 12

joint capsule
• strong
• thickest anteriorly and superiorly
• attaches to labrum and
surrounding bone on innominate
(and to transverse ligament at
the notch)
• reflected onto neck of femur
attaching to intertrochanteric line

synovial membrane
• lines internal surface of capsule,
covers labrum
• cavity communicates with the
psoas major bursa

Question 13

describe the iliofemoral ligament

Answer 13

Iliofemoral
• Capsular
• located anteriorly,
triangular in shape
• inferior band limits
extension, and external
rotation
• superior band limits
extension, adduction and
external rotation
• sometimes small
deficiency anteriorly – covered by iliopsoas

Question 14

describe the pubofemoral ligament

Answer 14

Pubofemoral
• Capsular
• located inferiory and
anteriorly
• limits abduction,
extension and external
rotation

Question 15

describe the ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 15

Ischiofemoral
• Capsular
• located posteriorly
• least well defined
• limits extension,
abduction and internal
rotation

Question 16

describe the transverse ligament

Answer 16

transverse ligament
• completes
acetabulum, breaches
the acetabular notch
- intracapsular

Question 17

describe the ligamentum teres

Answer 17

ligamentum teres (ligament
to head of femur)
• from transverse ligament
to fovea capitis
• no strict mechanical
function
• recent research indicates
a proprioceptive role and
a possible source of hip
pain (Martin et al 2019)
- intracapsular

Question 18

what is the acetabular fat pad

Answer 18

acetabular fat pad
• occupies the
acetabular fossa
• function –
proprioception

Question 19

where are the two bursae around the hip joint

Answer 19

Greater trochanteric
bursa:
• sits between the
greater trochanter and
the Iliotibial band

Iliopectineal bursa:
• often referred to as
the iliopsoas bursa
• lies between the
tendon of iliopsoas
and the fibrous
capsule of the hip

Question 20

describe the factors that confer stability at the hip joint

Answer 20

articular fit – reasonable congruence
• acetabular labrum
• strong capsule
• functions of muscles- line of pull
• bony factors
• angle of inclination
• angulation of head with shaft
• reflects an adaptation to bipedalism
• increases stability by increasing
contact area of the surfaces