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BIO 125 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

juxtacrine communication

A

Juxtacrine (direct) communication

Cells need to be in physical contact with each other

The communication is ensured by specific proteins

Gap junctions or gap junction channels connect the inside of the two adjacent cells. Gap junctions permit rapid transfer of various substances and electrical impulses between adjacent cells.

Examples – heart and gastrointestinal tract.

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2
Q

endocrine signaling

A

Endocrine signalling

the messenger molecule is called a hormone.

Produced by an endocrine gland.

Reaches target cells via bloodstream – may travel long distances.

Examples: thyroid (thyroud hormones, e.g. thyroxine), pancreas (insulin and glucagon), testes and ovaries (testosterone, progesterone, oestrogens).

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3
Q

paracrine signaling

A

Paracrine signalling

The messenger molecule is called a paracrine (hormone).

Produced by a paracrine cell or gland.

Does not enter the bloodstream but remains in the interstitial l space surrounding the paracrine cell and diffuses to cell nearby – this is how the effect of the paracrine is exerted.

This form of communication is much shorter reaching.

Examples: common in the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

autocrine signaling

A

Autocrine signalling

The messenger molecule is called an autocrine (hormone)

Produced by autocrine cell

Does not enter blood stream

Remains in the interstitial fluid and acts on the same cell that produced it.

The cell changes its function

It is not cell to cell communication because it acts on itself.

Example: common in the immune system and ovaries.

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5
Q

neurotransmission

A

Neurotransmission

The messenger molecule is called a neurotransmitter

Produced by a neuron (nerve cell)

The neurotransmitters are released from the pre-synaptic neuron across the synaptic cleft where receptors on the post-synaptic neuron receive the neurotransmitters.

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6
Q

neurocrine communication

A

Neurocrine signalling/Neurosecretion

Messenger molecule is called neurohormone

Produced by a neuron

Reaches target cells via bloodstream

Examples: oxytocin, vasopressin produced by a specific region of the brain.

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7
Q

indirect and direct forms of commuinication

A

direct - juxtacrine

indirect

  • neurocrine
  • neurotransmission
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
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8
Q

describe how cell receptors work

A

Cell surface receptors

Most messenger molecules

Cannot pass through cell membrane

Bind to cell surface receptors

Most of the hormone and neurotransmitters work this way.

Process: messenger molecule binds to the surface receptor, the receptor molecule changes its shape, various changes are triggered in the cell, cellular function changes.

The main steps of neurotransmission

A nerve impulses reaches the presynaptic terminal.

Ca+ enters the presynaptic terminal.

Ca+ concentration increase in the presynaptic terminal.

Synaptic vesicles adhere to the presynaptic membrane - “docking”

Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.

Neurotransmitter binds to its receptors on the other side.

Effect is ixerted.

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9
Q

what is the importance of ATP in living cells

A

`Transfers energy released from exergonic (catabolic) reactions to power endergonic (energy requiring) reactions.

Power activities – e.g. muscle contraction, chromosome movement during cell division, membrane pumps and anabolic reactions

3 x phosphate groups attached to adenosine (adenine plus ribose sugar)

ATPase hydrolyses (involving water molecule) ATP into ADP + phosphate group, releasing energy stores in the phosphate bond.

ATP synthase catalyses the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.

Energy is stored in the phosphate bond.

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10
Q

explain glucose catabolism and the cycles etc.

A

Glucose catabolism

Cellular respiration – oxidation of glucose (removal of electrons and H+ atoms) to produce ATP.

Four sets of reactions in cellular respiration:

Glycolysis in the cytosol

Formation of acetyl-coenzyme A – occurs in mitochondria

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - occurs in mitochondria

Electron transport chain. - occurs in mitochondria

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11
Q

glycolysis

A

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytosol

Glucose – two 3 carbon molecules (pyruvic acid)

Uses two ATP, produces four ATP (net gain 2 ATP).

When oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A inside mitochondria (aerobic respiration).

When oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid/lactate (anaerobic respiration).

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12
Q

krebbs cycle

A

Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle)

Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria.

Releases carbon dioxide

Electrons are transferred to two energy carrying coenzymes, NAD+ and FAD.

For each turn of the Kreb cycle (it takes two turns of the Kreb cycle for every molecule of glucose).

3 NADPH

3 H+

1 FADH

1 ATP.

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13
Q

electron transport chain

A

Electron transport chain

On inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae increases SA – more electron transport chain, more ATP.

Integral membrane proteins that are electron carriers.

Electrons passed along the chain generating ATP by pumping of hydrogen ions (H+), known as chemiosmosis.

Final electron acceptor is oxygen.

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14
Q

what are the primary tissue types

A

Primary tissue types

Epithelial – cover all exposed surfaces, line internal passageways and chambers, form glands

Connective – fill internal spaces, provide structure and support for other tissues, store energy and transport materials in the body.

Muscle – contraction, forms muscle walls.

Neural (nerve) - carries info throughout body in form of electrical impulses in conjunction with hormones.

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15
Q

define tissue

A

Tissue – group of similar cells for a specific function

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16
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue

Types of epithelial tissue:

Epithelia - layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces.

Glands – structures that produce secretions. E.g. tears, salvia, sweat.

Functions:

Protection/ lining/ covering

Control permeability – e.g. absorption/ filtration.

Produce secretions

Provide sensation

Characteristics

Cells are tightly packed together – so that they form a good protective layer.

Little extracellular material

Avascular (no blood cells present).

Grow rapidly, high turn-over rate (labile).

Different on exposed versus attached surface (polar). Basal surface (bottom, attached) is different to apical surface (top, free) of cell.

Specialisations

Microvilli to increase SA of the cell membrane.

Cilia to beat/contract in unison.

Keratin waterproofs the cells – cells on surface of skin should be waterproof.

Polarity.

17
Q

how do you classify the structure of epithelial tissue

A

Structure and morphology

Number of layers

Single layer – simple – lungs.

Single layer of cells but nuclei are at different levels (gives appearance of multiple layers) - pseudostratified.

Multiple layers – stratified.

Shape

Flat and thin – squamous. E.g. mouth of cheek inside.

Like a square box – cuboidal

Tall and thin – columnar – digestive tract.

18
Q

muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue

Functions:

Facilitates movement

Maintains joints stability

provides postural control

Produces heat.

Skeletal

voluntary control

striated

Incapable of dividing

Combines with connective tissues and neural tissues in skeletal muscles.

Cardiac

Involuntary control

Striated

Branched manner, offers more cohesiveness (greater capacity to contract at the same time).

In heart.

Circulates blood, maintains blood pressure.

Pacemaker cells sets the heart rhythm.

Smooth

Involuntary control

Non-striated

Found in blood vessels walls, digestive, respiratory and urinary tract, reproductive organs.

Moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions, controls diameter of respiratory passageways, regulates diameter of blood vessels.

19
Q

what are the major age related changes in muscle tissue

A

reduction in skeletal muscle mass

increase of fat and connective tissue within older muscle

reduction in diameter and size of muscle fibers

reduction in the number of functioning motor units in ageing muscles.

20
Q

neural tissue

A

Primary function communication

Types:

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neuroglia (support cells) - tissue repair, phagocytosis, provides nutrients to neurons, make up interstitial fluid around neurons.

21
Q

what are the age related changes in connective tissue

A

Aging may affect connective tissues in the following way:

Collagen - decreased solubility, reducible cross linkages stabilise and increased rigidity.

Elastin - Decreased production, increased fragmentation, rupture, loss of rebound.

22
Q

what are the differences between epithelial and connective tissue

A

Difference between connective and epithelial

Epi – many cells tightly packed, avascular, little to no ECM

Connect – few scattered cells, large amounts of ECM and highly vascular (usually).

23
Q

what are the age related changes in epithelial tissue

A

inflammation causes tight junction in skin

24
Q

connective tissue

A

Most connective tissues have the same basic construction:

Extracellular matrix – protein fibres (collagen) and ground substances

Cells (fibroblasts and macrophages).

Embryonic connective tissue

  • Mesenchyme
  • Mucous

Mature connective tissue

  • Fluid connective tissue
  • Blood
  • lymph
  • Supporting connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
Connective tissue proper 
Loose: 
Areolar -  
Adipose - 
Reticular -

Dense:

Regular –
Irregular -
Elastic -

25
Q

how do tissues form membranes

A

membranes consist of

  • An epithelium
  • Supporting connective tissue

Types of membranes

  1. Mucous membranes
  2. Serous membranes
  3. Cutaneous membranes
  4. Synovial membranes
26
Q

mucous membrane

A

Mucous membranes

Line body cavities that are open to the outside.

e.g. small intestine lining.

27
Q

serous membrane

A

Serous membranes

Lines cavities that do not directly open to the outside but are exposed to some of the outside material.

28
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

Cutaneous

Covers the surface of the body – skin.

Consists of epidermis and dermis.

Strong protective layer.

29
Q

synovial membrane

A

Synovial

Membranes that lines joints, sits in joint cavities.

30
Q

what is the process of a feedback loop

A

stimulus = changed in body environment

Detected by receptor

Message sent to control centre via sensory/efferent neurons

Control centre receives messages and sends out commands.

Message sent to effectors via motor neurons

Effector cells change output which causes a response that alters the controlled situation.

BIO 125 (6 decks)

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