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Human Bio (Meds1001) > Topic 15 - Breathing and Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 15 - Breathing and Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Learning Objectives

A
  1. Understand what the partial pressure of a gas is.
  2. Trace the flow of air into the body beginning at the nose and ending at the alveoli
  3. Describe why expansion of the thoracic cavity also expands the lungs
  4. Explain why breathing in (inspiration) is an active process compared to breathing out (expiration)
  5. List the mechanisms of how gases are transported in the body
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2
Q

Order of inspiration

A

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchii
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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3
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • Moistens air by adding water vapour
  • Picks up pathogens (First line of defence)
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4
Q

Pharynx

A

Common area mixes with food and liquids

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5
Q

Larynx

A
  • Top tupe portion of trachea
  • Contains flap of tissue to block off trachea/ esophagus for swollowing/ breathing
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6
Q

Trachea

A
  • Contains strong cartilage rings to keep trachea open
  • Lower respiratory system
  • Splits into left and right bronchii
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7
Q

Bronchii

A
  • Left and Right
  • Delivers air to left and right lung
  • Splits into bronchioles
  • Less cartilage closer to bronchioles
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8
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Terminates in alveoli sacks where gas exchange occurs
  • Has NO cartilage
  • Contains bands of smooth muscle allowing to contract and dilate to alter airflow (Hormones and NS control)
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9
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Sacks on the end of bronchioles that perform gas exchange
  • Works closely with capillaries
  • Minimal diffusion distances
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10
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • Skeletal muscle controlling breathing
  • Relaxes to squash lungs
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11
Q

Right Lung

A

Contains 3 lobes
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior

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12
Q

Left Lung

A

Contains 2 lobes
- Superior
- Inferior

Contains a Cardiac notch where the heart sits

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13
Q

Gas Exchange - Respiration

A

Moving O2 from the atmosphere into the body, then discharging Co2 into the atmosphere

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14
Q

Gas Exchange - Partial Pressure

A
  • Gas within a container (atmosphere/ body) exerts a pressure
  • Amount of gas within a misxture can be measured by pressure
  • To determine movement of gas, partial psi must be known
  • Always moves from high to low psi
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15
Q

Calculating partial psi

A

P(atm) = 760mmHg

P(O2) = 21%
P(CO2) = 0.03%

PO2 = 760x0.21 = 160mmHg
PCO2 = 760x0.0003 = 0.23mmHg

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16
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing/ Inspiration

Breathing In

A
  • To move O2 from atmosphere into body, Psi must be lower in the lungs
  • Achieved by expanding thoracic cavity and chest wall by contraction od diaphragm and intercostal muscles (back and shoulders for deep breath)

Lungs are surrounded by double membrane
- visceral Pleura
- Parietal Pleura

17
Q

Visceral Pleura

A
  • Organ/ Lung side of the double membrane
18
Q

Parietal Pleura

A
  • Sticks lungs to rigcage and diaphragm through surface tension
  • Outer membrane of lungs
  • Fluid full of water molecules between parietal and visceral pleura creates tension with strong hydrogen bonds
19
Q

Breathing Out/ Expiration

A
  • Does not usually involve muscle contraction
  • Passive process
  • Rib rage and diaphragm relax, compressing down on the lungs, reducing volume and increasing psi in the thoracic cavity
  • Air forced out of lungs due to high pressure gradient
20
Q

Gas exchange at the Alveoli

A
  • Alveoli create high SA:V for gas exchange
  • Allows O2 to rapidly diffuse into surrounding capillaries
  • Type 2 pneumocytes (alvoli cells) contain surfactant to minimise interaction and sticking together with water bonds
  • Type 1 pneumocytes perform gas exhange
21
Q

Gas transport in the blood

A
  • O2 predominantly transported around body whilst bound to haemoglobin on RBC ~2% dissolved in plasma
  • CO2 transported in RBC (23% transported on Haemoglobin and 70% converted to bicarbonate) ~7% dissolved in Plasma,

CO2 + H2O <=> HCO3- + H+

22
Q

O2 Transport via Haemoglobin

A

Each molecules carries 4 molecules of O2
4/4 bound = 100% saturation

23
Q

Haemoglobin saturation curves

A

At normal PO2 levels, Haemoglobin is 98% saturated,
- Minor changes in PO2 levels do not impact saturation

24
Q

Haemoglobin saturation curves - When things go wrong

A

2 General categories of Disfunction:
- Obstructive lung disease (blocked)
- Restrictive lung disease (expansions of chest wall)

25
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Lung collapse
  • When the connection between rib cage/ diaphragm and lung not good
  • Lungs would shrink down and compress in on itself filling with blood and other substances
26
Q

Involuntary responses
- Sneeze
- Caugh
- Hiccup

A

Sneezing
- Receptors in nose signal to brain to close of mouth
- Force air out lungs through nose to expell irritanta

Caughing
- Close off glutis and vocal chordsby signals from brain
- Blood psi in lungs forced out by muscle contractions

Hiccup
- Triggers lead to involuntary contraction of diaphragm
- Closes vocal chords causing air to bounce off creating the sound

Human Bio (Meds1001) (22 decks)

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