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Human Bio (Meds1001) > Topic 10 - Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Nervous System 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Learning objectives

A
  1. Define the terms, Periferal and autonomic NS
  2. Descibe the basic structure of a neuron and how it relates to function at the cellular level, and the level of networks within the nervous system
  3. Explain the relation between neurons and nerves
  4. List the components of the central, peripheral and autonomic NS and general description of their roles
  5. Describe the basic structure of the autonomic NS and its role regulating body function
  6. Provide a general description of the architecture of the central NS and provide a brief overview of the function of each of the significant parts
  7. Briefly descibe the organisation of the cental NS in terms of lobes and tracts
  8. Provide a general description of the architecture of the peripheral NS
  9. Describe the function of the autonomic NS with regard to the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and discuss differences in the organisation of the 2 divisions
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2
Q

Central NS

A
  • Brain (Issues commands)
  • Spinal Chord (Mainly relaying commands)
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3
Q

Peripheral NS

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves

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4
Q

Understand the feedback loop mechanisms of the different pathways

A

In notes

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5
Q

Afferent pathway

A

From Receptors to Controller CNS
* Apart of sensory division of PNS

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6
Q

Efferent Pathways

A

From Controller CNS to Effectors
- Apart of the motor division of PNS

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7
Q

The Brain parts

A

Forebrain

Hindbrain:
- Brain Stem & Cerebellum
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata

Cerebral Cortex
- Left and Right Hemispheres
- Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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8
Q

Forebrain

A

Largest region

Contains:
* Cerebral Cortex
* Thalamus
* Hypothalamus
* Pineal Gland
* Limbic system

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9
Q

Hindbrain roles

A

Brainstem & Celebellim
- Brainstem contains midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Midbrain
- Connects brainstem to cerebral cortex

Pons
- “Bridge” between midbrain and medulla oblongata

Medulla Oblongata
- Brain transition into spinal chord
- Contains respiratory and CV control centres

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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Left and Right Hemispheres
- Connected by the corpus callosum

Each hemisphere has 4 lobes
-Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

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11
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Higher executive functions such as emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, problem solving

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12
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Intergrating sensory info, touch, temperature, pressure, pain

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13
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

Processing sensory info, hearing, recognising language, forming memories

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14
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Major visual processing centre

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15
Q

Brain lobe locations

A

Frontal (Front)
Parietal (Top)
Temporal (Bottom/ temple)
Occipital (Back)

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16
Q

Thalamus function

A

Processes sensory info

17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Control centre of autonomic NS
  • Involved in some hormone activity
  • Connects hormones and NS
  • Regulates homeostasis
18
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles
Involved with hormone functions

19
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Regulates behavioral and emotional responses
  • Hippocampus and amygdala
20
Q

Basil Ganglia

A
  • Control of voluntary motor movements
  • Habit learning
  • Eye movement
  • Cognition
  • Emotion
21
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordinates gait (how we walk)
  • Maintains posture
  • Controls muscle tone & voluntary muscle activity (unable to innate contractions)

Receives info about voluntary movement from cerebral cortex and muscles, tendons, joints.
Receives info about balance from vestibular nuclei.

Damage to the cerebellum results in a loss of control of fine movements, posture maintanance and motor learning.
Has different lobes and functions

22
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Connects forbrain to the spinal chord and cerebellum
  • Contains many ascending and descending tracts for relaying info
  • Responsible for breathing, conciousness, blood pressure, heart rate and sleeo
23
Q

Anatomy of Brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons/Medulla oblongata
  3. Pons
  4. Basilar artery
  5. Vertebral arteries

In Notes

24
Q

Order of a message from Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Cerebral Cortex
  2. Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Basil ganglia
  3. Cerebellum (When fine motor skill involved)
  4. Brain stem
  5. Spinal Chord

Sensory and Motor pathways differ. In Notes

25
Q

Spinal chord

A
  • Carries motor and sensory signals between the brain, periphery and coordinates reflexes
  • Organised into segments with pairs of spinal nerves emerging from each segment

Composed of grey matter and white matter
- White matter = fiber tracts of myelinated sensory and motor axons
- Grey matter = Cell bodies

White matter relays messages with descending tracts (motor)/ ascending tracts (sensory).

26
Q

Decussation

A

Where pathways cross from one side of the body to the other
- Each cerebral hemisphere receives info from opposite sides of the body.

27
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Contain:
- Dorsal Route (Afferent pathway)
- Ventral Route (Efferent pathway)

  • Come together to form the spinal nerve

In Notes

28
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A

Large anatomical nerves formed when spinal nerves coalesce
- Made up of motor and sensory fibers.

29
Q

Dermatomes

A

Every part of the body is mapped out to a set of spinal nerves
- This can easily help diagnose which nerves may be damaged, depending on the area of skin

See Notes diagram

30
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • Peripheral Nerves connected to brain and brainstem directly
  • Serve functions of the head
  • Breaks down into specific nerves which control specific functions
31
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Functions without concious control to maintain homeostasis
Controls:
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Exocrine glands
- Endocrine glands

  • Divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
32
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

‘Fight or flight’
Related to the adrenal gland with the release of epinephrin

33
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

‘Rest and digest’
- Allows more digestion by contolling the blood flow to organs.

Human Bio (Meds1001) (22 decks)

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