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AS Chemistry > Topic 13 - Intro to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 13 - Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula?

A

An algebraic formula that can be applied to chemicals in the ‘family’. e.g. alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, etc

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n + 2

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n + 1OH

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5
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms in a molecule or element.

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6
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

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7
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing all the bonds.

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8
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

Shows the bonds of a carbon skeleton formula. Hydrogen and carbon atoms not shown but functional groups are.

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9
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms showing all the bonds and atoms in a molecule.

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10
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds that have the same general formula and functional group.

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11
Q

What are the two types of bond fission?

A

Homolytic and heterolytic.

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12
Q

What is bond fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond.

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13
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks but the electrons are distributed unequally forming 2 ions (an anion and a cation).

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14
Q

What sort of arrow shows heterolytic fission?

A

Double-headed arrow.

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15
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks equally forming 2 uncharged radicals.

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16
Q

What sort of arrow shows homolytic fission?

A

Single-headed arrow.

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17
Q

What symbolizes free radicals?

A

A dot for an unpaired electron.

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages for free radical reactions?

A

Initiation, Propagation, Termination.

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19
Q

What sort of reaction makes halogenoalkanes?

A

Free radical substitution.

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20
Q

What are the 7 types of reactions?

A

Addition
Substitution
Elimination/Dehydration
Condensation
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Reduction

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21
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A double bond is broken and two molecules join to form a single product.

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22
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A functional group is exchanged for another one.

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23
Q

What is an elimination/dehydration reaction?

A

A double bond is normally formed when a functional group is removed and released as part of a smaller molecule.

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24
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When 2 molecules join and a small molecule is eliminated (usually water).

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25
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

2 smaller molecules are formed by splitting a larger one with water.

26
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or loss of electrons.

27
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen or gain of electron.

28
Q

What are the three types of attacking agents?

A

Electrophiles, nucleophiles, and radicals.

29
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electron loving species that are generally positively charged ions. They attack other molecules with a negative charge or a delta negative charge.

30
Q

What are 7 examples of electrophiles?

A

H+ , Cl+/Br+/I+ , CH3+ , NO2+ , CH3CO+

31
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

Nucleus loving species that must have a lone pair of electrons and some have a negative charge. They attack molecules with a positive charge or a delta positive charge.

32
Q

What are 4 examples of nucleophiles?

A

OH- , NH3 , H2O , CN-

33
Q

What are radicals?

A

Atoms with an unpaired electron that are very reactive. Initially formed via UV light.

34
Q

What are 3 examples of radicals?

A

Cl* , CH3* , Br*

35
Q

What are the two types of bonds in covalent molecules?

A

sigma and pi bonds.

36
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

When two orbitals overlap.

37
Q

What type of bonds does a double bond contain?

A

A sigma bond and a pi bond.

38
Q

What are pi bonds?

A

The parallel overlap of two p orbitals.

39
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Isomers that have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

40
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A
  1. Chain
  2. Positional
  3. Functional group
41
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.

42
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different position of the functional group on the carbon skeleton.

43
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different functional group.

44
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

The same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

45
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

A

Cis/trans isomers.
Optical isomers.

46
Q

What sort of bond is needed for cis/trans isomerism?

A

C=C double bond

47
Q

When do you get cis/trans isomerism?

A

When there are two different atoms or groups of atoms on the same carbon.

48
Q

What are cis isomers?

A

Where the same groups are on the same side of the double bond.

49
Q

What are trans isomers?

A

Where the same groups are opposite the double bond.

50
Q

What does cis mean?

A

Same.

51
Q

What does trans mean?

A

Different.

52
Q

What do they mean by ‘same side of the double bond’?

A

Both above the double bond or both below the double bond.

53
Q

What is another name for cis/trans isomers?

A

Z - same side
E - opposite side

54
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Mirror images of each other that have a chiral carbon atom.

55
Q

What is a chiral molecule?

A

When there are 4 different groups coming off the carbon.

56
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

The 2 different molecules formed from arranging the groups on a chiral carbon in 2 different ways.

57
Q

What do enantiomers look like?

A

They are mirror images of each other.

58
Q

Are enantiomers superimposable?

A

No

59
Q

How do you find the chiral centre?

A

Draw them in a tetrahedral 3D shape to show them as enantiomers.

60
Q

Can molecules have more than one chiral centre?

A

Yes

61
Q

How many chiral centres does ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) have?

A

2

AS Chemistry (7 decks)

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